Chapter 1

Question 1

What are Eukaryotes?

Answer 1

Large
Membrane bound organelles
Nucleus
Cells with specialized functions
Complex

Question 2

What are proteins? and how are they held together?

Answer 2

Linear polymers of amino acids

Held together by peptide bonds

Question 3

G<0

Answer 3

Exergonic

Question 4

What are lipids and how are they held together?

Answer 4

Monomers of Glycerol and Fatty Acids

Held together through non covalent bonds

Question 5

G>0

Answer 5

Endergonic

Question 6

What is a Chiral Carbon?

Answer 6

A carbon molecule that can be positioned in different ways

Question 7

What does “trans” mean?

Answer 7

Hydrogen molecules are on the opposite side

Question 8

What are some functions of Polysaccharides?

Answer 8

Cell Structure
Cellular recognition
Energy Storage

Question 9

What are prokaryotes?

Answer 9

Small
Rapid Growth
Nucleiod
Simple

Question 10

What is a Geometric isomer?

Answer 10

Same chemical formula but differ in configuration groups

Question 11

What does Catabolic mean?

Answer 11

Breaking Things down (Energy producing)

Question 12

What are the functions of Proteins?

Answer 12

Signal Molecules
Structure
Enzymes

Question 13

How can a molecule change through Configuration?

Answer 13

It can only be changed by breaking its bonds through Double bonds and Chiral Centers

Question 14

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

Answer 14

Tendency to move towards total entropy (disorder) and is always increasing

Question 15

What does Anabolic mean?

Answer 15

Building Things up (Energy Using)

Question 16

What non-covalent bonds keep lipids together?

Answer 16

Hydrophobic head and Hydrophilic tail

Question 17

What is the central Dogma?

Answer 17

Replication -> Transcription -> RNA -> Translation -> DNA

Question 18

4 Major Classes of Biomolecules

Answer 18

Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acid
Polysaccharides

Question 19

What are some Functions of Nucleic Acid?

Answer 19

Storage of Genetic information

Question 20

What does the structure of a molecule determine?

Answer 20

It’s function

Question 21

What are biomolecules constructed from?

Answer 21

Stereoisomers

Question 22

What is a special ability of Polysaccharides?

Answer 22

Can create branch points which allow for more than one covalent linkage formation

Question 23

What does a Chiral Carbon usually have?

Answer 23

Amino Group (NH3)
Hydrogen Group (H)
Carboxyl Group (COO-)

Question 24

What are the advantages of constructing biologicals as polymers?

Answer 24

Simplicity
Recycling
Diversity

Question 25

4 Main Elements of living things

Answer 25

Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen

Question 26

What does Conformation mean?

Answer 26

A molecule can be changed without breaking it's covalent bonds meaning it has a freedom of rotation

Question 27

G=0

Answer 27

Equilibrium

Question 28

Why do biomolecules oppose the second law of Thermodynamics?

Answer 28

They want organization

Question 29

Why is Carbon the best element for us?

Answer 29

Carbon to Carbon bonds are stronger and leads to more stable biomolecules More energy is released Carbon Byproducts (CO2) Can be recycled

Question 30

What are proteins built from?

Answer 30

L-amino acids

Question 31

What does "cis" mean?

Answer 31

Hydrogen molecules are on the same side

Question 32

What are Polysaccharides and how are they held together?

Answer 32

Monomers of monosaccharides | Linked through glycosidic linkages (covalent linkage)

Question 33

How many bonds does a Chiral Carbon have?

Answer 33

Only single bonds

Question 34

What is a Nucleic Acid and how is it held together?

Answer 34

Monomores of Nucleotides | Held together by phosphodiester Linkages

Question 35

What is a stereoisomer?

Answer 35

Non-superimposible Near images | Chemical properties are the same but Biological properties are different

Question 36

What do the side chain properties do?

Answer 36

Determine how a protein will fold itself, and the way it folds itself will determine its function (structure determines function)

Question 37

What does Configuration mean?

Answer 37

Molecule cannot be changed without breaking its covalent bonds

Question 38

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

Answer 38

Energy cannot be created no destroyed, only transformed

Question 39

Since spontaneous conversion from "cis" to "trans" cannot occur, what must happen?

Answer 39

Need to break double bond, re position it, then reform the bond