Enzymes (Chapter 6)

Question 1

What Vitalism?

Answer 1

The belief that living things are different from non-living things because they contain some non-physical element

Question 2

How do Enzymes contribute to Human Health?

Answer 2

• Causes of diseases:
  Gain or loss or change of a function of an enzyme

-Therapeutic targets:
Target the activity of specific enzymes

-Indicators of Disease:
Biomarkers to inform disease susceptibility, prognosis and treatments

Question 3

What is Proteolysis?

Answer 3

Hydrolysis of a peptide bond

Question 4

The _______ of an enzyme is due to the ______ of the ______ with the ______

Answer 4

Specificity
Precise interaction
Substrate
Enzyme

Question 5

_______ is from the ______ of the enzyme

Answer 5

Precision

3D Structure

Question 6

What are the 6 Major classes of Enzymes?

Answer 6

Oxidoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolases
Lysases
Isomerases
Ligases

Question 7

The Transfer of electrons between molecules

Answer 7

Oxidoreductases

Question 8

Transfer functional groups between molecules

Answer 8

Transferases

Question 9

Cleaves molecules with water and transfers functional groups to water

Answer 9

Hydrolases

Question 10

Adds atoms or Functional groups to a double bond or removes them to form a double bond

Answer 10

Lysases

Question 11

Move Functional groups within a molecule to make isomeric forms

Answer 11

Isomerases

Question 12

Joins 2 molecules powered by ATP hydrolysis

Answer 12

Ligases

Question 13

C-C bond
C-S bond
C-O bond
C-N bond
are made by what?

Answer 13

Ligases by condensation coupled to ATP cleavage

Question 14

Some enzymes alone are fully active. What do enzymes that aren’t fully active require?

Answer 14

Co-Factors and Co-Enzymes

Question 15

What is a Co-Factor?

Answer 15

Inorganic ions

Question 16

What is a Co-Enzyme?

Answer 16

Complex organic molecules

like vitamins

Question 17

What is a Prosthetic Group?

Answer 17

The association of Co-Factors and Co-Enzymes with an enzyme

Question 18

What is the difference between the association of a Co-Factor and the association of a Co-Enzyme?

Answer 18

The degree of association

Question 19

Different enzymes that use the same co-enzyme will usually do what?

Answer 19

Perform the same type of reaction

Question 20

What do Catalysts do?

Answer 20

Lowers amount of energy needed for the reaction to proceed

Speed up equilibrium

Recycled to participate in another reaction

Question 21

Why are enzymes better than Chemical Catalysts?

Answer 21

Speed: Enzymes are faster

Conditions: Function at certain physiological conditions, a lot simple conditions

Specificity: High Degree of specificity, including stereospecificty, more specific

Regulation: Many enzymes are responsive to the needs of the cell and organism

Question 22

What is the Circe Effect?

Answer 22

Some enzymes are able to catalyze reactions faster by diffusion control limits, enzymes are drawing the substrates towards them

Question 23

What reaction in the Circe Effect is called what?

Answer 23

Electrostatic Reactions

Question 24

______-_______=_______

Answer 24

Enzyme-cofactor=apoenzyme

Question 25

Free Energy changes provides information about what?

Answer 25

Spontaneity, not rate of reaction

Question 26

What do enzyme facilitate?

Answer 26

The formation of the transition state

Question 27

What alters the equilibrium of chemical reactions?

Answer 27

Free Energy Difference

Question 28

What is an Active site?

Answer 28

3D cleft formed from groups that come from different parts of the polypeptide chain

Question 29

Describe what an Active Site is and what occurs

Answer 29

• Small compared to the rest of the enzyme
• Unique Micro environments
• Substrates bound to enzyme by multiple weak interactions

Question 30

In an Active Site, what does the Specificity of binding depend on and what types of binds occur?

Answer 30

• Arrangement of atoms in the binding site

- Either induced fit or conformation selection

Question 31

What is the relationship between rate of reaction and activation energy?

Answer 31

Inverse and Exponential

Question 32

-ΔG

Answer 32

Spontaneous

Exergonic

Question 33

+ΔG

Answer 33

Non-Spontaneous

Endergonic

Question 34

ΔG=0

Answer 34

Equilibrium

Question 35

What increases the rate of reaction?

Answer 35

Enzymes

Question 36

What occurs during Substrate binding?

Answer 36

• Reduces entropy (decrease freedom of rotation)
• Removes water to expose reactive groups
• Aligns reactive groups with substrate
• Distortion of Substrate
• Induced fitting

Question 37

What occurs during Transition State Stabilization?

Answer 37

• Increase interaction
• Stabilizes the Transition State
• Enzyme distorts the substance forcing it toward transition state
• Bind enzymes to the transition states

Question 38

What is a Transition state analog?

Answer 38

Stable compounds whose structures resembles unstable transition states

Question 39

What is the Chemical Effect?

Answer 39

Enzymes can act upon substrate to promote formation of the product

Question 40

What must an enzyme have during the Chemical Effect?

Answer 40

Polar, ionizable side chains, also anions and cations of amino acids

Question 41

What occurs during Acid/Base Catalysis?

Answer 41

Reaction acceleration by transfer of a proton, often Histidine

Question 42

What occurs during Covalent Catalysis?

Answer 42

Forms covalent link to enzyme

Regenerate the original enzyme