Chapter 1

Question 1

Access to Resources

Answer 1

The indicator of availability of material resources to a population.

Question 2

Activity

Answer 2

A process of the individual’s goal-directed interaction with the environment.

Question 3

Availability of Resources

Answer 3

A measure indicating the presence of and access to resources essential for the individual’s well-being.

Question 4

Collectivism

Answer 4

Behaviour based on concerns for other people, traditions, and values they share.

Question 5

Cross-Cultural Psychology

Answer 5

The critical and comparative study of cultural effects on human psychology.

Question 6

Cultural Psychology

Answer 6

The study that seeks to discover systematic relationships between culture and psychological variables.

Question 7

Culture

Answer 7

A set of attitudes, behaviours, and symbols shared by a group of people and usually communicated from one generation to the next.

Question 8

Ecological Context

Answer 8

The natural setting in which human organisms and the environment interact.

Question 9

Ethnicity

Answer 9

A cultural heritage shared by a category of people who also share a common ancestral origin, language and religion.

Question 10

Ethnocentrism

Answer 10

The view that supports judgement about other ethnic, national and cultural groups and events from the observer’s own ethnic, national or cultural group’s outlook.

Question 11

Folk Theories

Answer 11

A collection of popular beliefs and assumptions - “everyday psychology” - formulated by the people for the people.

Question 12

Humanist Tradition (Humanism)

Answer 12

A discipline with the humanities that emphasizes the subjective side of the individual: the sense of freedom, beauty, creativity and moral responsibility.

Question 13

Ideological (Value-based) Knowledge

Answer 13

A stable set of beliefs about the world, the nature of good and evil, right and wrong, and the purpose of human life - all based on a certain organizing principal or central idea.

Question 14

Indigenous Groups

Answer 14

Groups that are protected by international or national lawy, retaining specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territoy and their cultural and historical uniqueness.

Question 15

Individualism

Answer 15

Complex behaviour based on concern for oneself and one’s immediate family or primary group as opposed to concern for other groups to which one belongs.

Question 16

Legal Knowledge

Answer 16

A type of knowledge encapsulated in the law and detailed in official rules and principles related to psychological functioning of individuals.

Question 17

Multiculturalism

Answer 17

The view that encourages the recognition of equality for all cultural and national groups and promotes the idea that various cultural groups have the right to follow their own paths of development.

Question 18

Nation

Answer 18

A large group of people who constitute a legitimate, independent state and share a common geographic origin, history and, frequently, language.

Question 19

Nontraditional Culture

Answer 19

Cultures based largely on modern beliefs, rules, symbols and principles, relatively open to other cultures, absorbing and dynamic, science based and technology driven, and relatively tolerant to social innovations.

Question 20

Power Distance

Answer 20

The extent to which the members of a society accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.

Question 21

Race

Answer 21

A large group of people distinguished by certain similar and genetically transmitted physical characteristics.

Question 22

Religious Affiliation

Answer 22

An individual’s acceptance of knowledge, beliefs and practices related to a particular faith.

Question 23

Scientific Knowledge

Answer 23

A type of knowledge accumulated as a result of scientific research on a wide range of psychological phenomena.

Question 24

Sociopolitical Context

Answer 24

The setting in which people participate in both global and local decisions; it includes various ideological issues, political structures, and the presence or absence of political and social freedoms.

Question 25

Traditional Culture

Answer 25

Cultures based largely on beliefs, rules, symbols and principles established predominantly in the past, confined in local or regional boundaries, restricting and mostly intolerant to social innovations.

Question 26

Uncertainty Avoidance

Answer 26

The degree to which the members of a society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity.

Question 27

Uncertainty Orientation

Answer 27

Common ways in which people handle uncertainty in their daily situations and lives in general.