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PSYCHOLOGY 208 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Lifespan Development

A

is the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change and stability in behavior that occur throughout the life span

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2
Q

physical development

A

examining the ways in which the body’s makeup – the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink and sleep – helps determine behavior

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3
Q

cognitive development

A

understanding how growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person’s behavior – examines learning, memory, problem solving and intelligence

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4
Q

personality development

A

study of stability and change in the characteristics that differentiate one person from another over a lifespan

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5
Q

social development

A

the way in which individuals’ interactions interactions and relationships with others grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life

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6
Q

Life Span

A

social constructions – divided into broad age ranges: prenatal (conception to birth), infancy and toddlerhood (birth to 3), preschool (3-6), middle childhood (6 to 12), adolescence (12 to 20), yound adult (20 to 40), middle adult (40 to 60), late adult (60 to death)

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7
Q

social constructions

A

is a shared notion of reality that is widely accepted but is a function of society and culture at a given time – arbitrary and culturally defined

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8
Q

cohort

A

a group of people born around the same time and same place

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9
Q

cohort effects

A

example of history-graded influences, biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment

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10
Q

age-graded influences

A

are biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are raised

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11
Q

sociocultural-graded influences

A

social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual, depending on such variables as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership

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12
Q

non-normative life events

A

specific, atypical events that occur in a particular person’s life at a time when such events do not happen to most people

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13
Q

continuous stage

A

development is gradual, with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels – continuous change is quantitative

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14
Q

discontinuous change

A

occurring at distinct stages, each stage brings about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behaviors at earlier stages

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15
Q

critical period

A

specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences – occur when certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally

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16
Q

sensitive periods

A

organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments – absence of stimuli during a sensitive period does not always produce irreversible consequences

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17
Q

maturation

A

predetermined unfolding of genetic information

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18
Q

nature

A

genetics; refers to traits, abilities, and capacities that are inherited from one’s parent’s

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19
Q

nurture

A

environment; refers to the environmental influences that shape behavior

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20
Q

theories

A

broad, organized explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest – provides a framework for understanding the relationships among a seemingly unorganized set of facts or principles

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21
Q

psychodynamic perspective

A

closely associated with Freud – approach that states behavior is motivated by inner forces,memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond people’s awareness and control

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22
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

the theory proposed by Freud that suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior

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23
Q

psychosexual development

A

according to Freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part

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24
Q

unconscious

A

part of the personality which a person is unaware

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25
id
raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality that is present at birth -- operates according to the pleasure principle
26
pleasure principle
goal is maximize satisfaction and reduce tension
27
ego
part of the personality that is rational and reasonable -- acts as a buffer between the external world and primitive id -- acts of reality principle
28
reality principle
instinctual energy is restrained in order to maintain the safety of the individual and help integrate the person into society
29
superego
represents the persons conscience, distinctions between right and wrong -- develops around age 5 or 6, learned behaviors
30
psychosocial development
the approach that encompasses changes in our interactions with and understandings of one another, as well as in our knowledge and understand of ourselves as members of society
31
behavioral perspectives
the approach that suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment
32
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which an organism responds to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response
33
operant conditioning
a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences
34
behavior modification
a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
35
social-cognitive learning theory
learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model
36
reinforcement
process by which a behavior is followed by a stimulus that increases the probability that a behavior will be repeated
37
punishment
the introduction of an unpleasant of painful stimulus or the removal of desirable stimulus, will decrease the likeliness a behavior will be repeated
38
schemes
organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions
39
assimilation
process in which people understand a new experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and existing ways of thinking
40
accommodation
refers to changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events
41
cognitive perspective
the approach that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand and think about the world
42
information processing approaches
models that seek to identify the way individuals take in, use and store information
43
cognitive neuroscience approaches
approaches that examine cognitive development through the lens of brain processes
44
humanistic perspective
the theory that contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior
45
free will
ability of humans to make choices and come to decisions about their lives instead of relying on societal standards
46
contextual perspective
theory that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds
47
bioecological approach
the perspective suggesting that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence behaviors
48
self-actualization
states of self-fulfillment in which people achieve their highest potential
49
microsystem
is the everyday, immediate environment of children's daily lives
50
mesosystem
connects the various aspects of the microsytem
51
exosystem
societal institutions such a local government, community, schools, places of worship -- effect how microsystem and mesosystem operate
52
macrosystem
represents larger cultural influences on an individual, including society in general
53
chronosystem
involves the way the passage of time -- including historical events
54
collectivism
notion that the well-being of the group is more important that the individual
55
sociocultural theory
emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of culture
56
evolutionary perspective
theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors
57
ethology
examines ways in which our biological makeup influences our behavior
58
behavioral genetics
studies the effects of hereditary of behavior
59
scientific method
the process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data
60
hypothesis
a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested
61
correlational research
research that seeks to identify whether as association or relationship between two factors exist
62
experimental research
research designed to discover causal relationships between various factors
63
correlation coefficient
the strength and direction of a relationship between two factors is represented by this mathematical score
64
naturalistic observation
a type of correlational study in which some naturally occurring behavior is observed without intervention in the situation
65
ethnography
goal is to understand a culture's values and attitudes through careful, extended examination
66
case studies
involve extensive, in depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals
67
survey research
a type of study in which a group of people chosen to represent some larger population are asked questions about their attitudes, behavior or thinking on a given topic
68
experiment
a process in which an investigator, called an experimenter , devices two different experiences for subjects or participants
69
psychophysiological methods
approaches that focus on relationship between physiological processes and behavior
70
EEG -- electroencephalogram
uses electrodes placed on the skull to record electrical activity in brain
71
CAT scan
constructs an image of the brain by combining thousands of individual x-rays taken at slightly different angles
72
MRI
provides detailed 3D views -- offers most detailed views
73
independent variable
variable that researches manipulate in an experiment
74
dependent variable
variable that researchers measure in an experiment and expect to change as a result of the experimental manipulation
75
sample
group of participants chosen for experiment
76
field study
a research investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting
77
laboratory study
a research investigation conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant
78
theoretical research
research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge
79
applied research
research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems

PSYCHOLOGY 208 (8 decks)

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