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PSYCHOLOGY 208 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

zygote

A

the new cell formed by the process of fertilization

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2
Q

genes

A

the basic unit of genetic information

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3
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules

A

the substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body and how it will function

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4
Q

chromosomes

A

rod-shaped portions of DNA that are organized in 23 pairs

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5
Q

monozygotic twins

A

twins who are genetically identical

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6
Q

dizygotic twins

A

twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time

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7
Q

dominant trait

A

the one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present

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8
Q

recessive trait

A

a trait within an organism that is present, but not expressed

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9
Q

genotype

A

the underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism

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10
Q

phenotype

A

an observable trait; the trait that is actually seen

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11
Q

homozygous

A

inheriting from parents similar genes for a given trait

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12
Q

heterozygous

A

inheriting from parents different forms of a gene fir a given trait

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13
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

inheritance in which a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait

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14
Q

X-linked chromosome

A

genes that are considered recessive and located only on the X chromosome

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15
Q

behavioral genetics

A

the study of the effects of hereditary on behavior

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16
Q

Down syndrome

A

a disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome of the 21st pair; once referred to as mongolism

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17
Q

fragile X syndrome

A

a disorder produced by injury to a gene on the X chromosome, producing mild to moderate mental retardation

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18
Q

sickle-cell anemia

A

a blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of the red blood cells in those who have it

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19
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

a disorder that produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death; there is no treatment

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20
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

a disorder resulting from the presence of an extra X chromosome that produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts

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21
Q

genetic counseling

A

the discipline that focuses on helping people deal with issues relating to inherited disorders

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22
Q

ultrasound sonography

A

a process in which high-frequency sound waves scan the mother’s womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, whose size and shape can than be assessed

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23
Q

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A

a test used to find genetic defects that involves taking samples of hairlike material that surrounds the embryo

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24
Q

amniocentesis

A

the process of identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus

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25
temperament
patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual
26
multifactorial transmission
the determination of traits by a combination of both genetic and environmental factors in which a genotype provides a range within which a phenotype may be expressed
27
fertilization
the process by which a sperm and an ovum - the male and female gametes, respectively - join to form a single new cell
28
germinal stage
the first - and shortest - stage of the prenatal period, which takes place during the first 2 weeks following conception
29
placenta
a conduit between the mother and fetus, providing nourishment and oxygen via the umbilical cord
30
embryonic stage
the period from 2 to 8 weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems
31
fetal stage
the stage that begins at about 8 weeks after conception and continues until birth
32
fetus
a developing child, from 8 weeks after conception until born
33
infertility
the inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying to become pregnant
34
artificial insemination
a process of fertilization in which a man's sperm are placed directly into a woman's vagina by a physician
35
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
a procedure in which a woman's ova are removed from her ovaries, and man's sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory
36
teratogen
an environmental agent such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect
37
preterm infants
infants who are born prior to 38 weeks after conception
38
low-birthweight infants
infants who weigh less than 2,500 grams (around 5 1/2 lbs) at birth
39
small-for-gestational-age infants
infants who, because of delayed fetal growth, weigh 90% (or less) of the average weight of infants of the same gestational age
40
very-low-birthweight infants
infants who weigh less than 1,250 grams (around 2.25 lbs) or, regardless of weight, have been in the womb less than 30 weeks
41
postmature infants
infants still unborn 2 weeks after the mother's due date
42
Cesarean delivery
a birth in which the baby is surgical removed from the uterus, rather than traveling through the birth canal
43
fetal monitor
a device that measures the baby's heartbeat during delivery
44
stillbirth
the delivery of a child who is not alive, occurring in less than 1 delivery in 100
45
infant mortality
death within the first year of life
46
mitosis
accounts for replication of most types of cells
47
meiosis
process when gametes - sperm and ova - are formed the adult human body
48
reaction range
the potential degree of variablilty in the actual expression of a trait due to environmental conditions
49
spontaneous mutation
when genes for no known reason sponataneously change their form
50
karyotype
a chart containing enlarged photos of each of the chromosomes
51
first- trimester screen
combines a blood test and ultasound sonography in the 11th to 13th week of pregnancy and can identify chromosomal abnormalities and other disorders
52
neuroticism
the degree of emotional stability an individual characteristically displays
53
extroversion
degree to which a person seeks to be with others, to behave in an outgoing manner and generally to be sociable
54
blastocyst
fertilized egg
55
ectoderm
outer layer of the embryo, will form skin, hair, teeth, sense organs, brain and spinal cord
56
endoderm
inner layer of the embryo, produces digestive system, liver pancreas, and respiratory system
57
mesoderm
middle layer of embryo, forms muscles, bones, blood, and circulatory system
58
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
released about 266 days after conception, and releases various hormones to triggers labor
59
oxytocin
released by pituitary gland, causes contractions
60
episiotomy
an incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass
61
Lamaze birthing techniques
using breathing techniques and relaxaton training, to prevent tensing up while in labor
62
Bradley method
"husband coached childbirth" -- principle that childbirth should be as natural as possible to involve no medication or medical interventions
63
Hypnobirthing
self-hypnosis during delivery that produces a sense of peace and calm, thereby reducing pain

PSYCHOLOGY 208 (8 decks)

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