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Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Anatomy (morphology)

A

the study of internal and external structures of the human body; specific structures perform specific functions so structure determines function!

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2
Q

Microscopic anatomy (fine anatomy)

A

the study of body structures that cannot be viewed without magnification; includes cytology and histology

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3
Q

Gross Anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)

A

The study of body structures which are visible without the aid of magnification subclasses include surface anatomy, regional anatomy, systemic anatomy

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4
Q

Surface anatomy

A

the study of shapes and markings on the body surface

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5
Q

Regional anatomy

A

the study of all structures in a single body region, superficial or deep

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6
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

the study of all organs w related functions (study one organ system at a time)

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7
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

the study of structural changes that occur from conception to physical maturity; its subclass is embryology

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8
Q

Embryology

A

the study of structural formation and development before birth

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9
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

the study of the anatomy of different types of animals

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10
Q

Pathological anatomy

A

the study of structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs caused by disease

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11
Q

Radiographic anatomy

A

the study of internal body structures by using noninvasive imaging techniques, such as X-ray imaging and ultrasound

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12
Q

Surgical anatomy

A

the study of anatomical landmarks, which are important to surgical processes

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13
Q

Chemical level (of organization)

A

atoms combine to form small molecules and larger macromolecules; chemicals comprise the entire body

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14
Q

Cellular level (of organization)

A

cells are comprised of molecules; they are the smallest living units of the body; cellular organelles are their functional subunits

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15
Q

Tissue level (of organization)

A

similar types of cells, with a common function, combine to form tissues; four primary tissue types comprise all organs of the human body

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16
Q

Organ level (of organization)

A

more than one tissue type (often all four tissues) combine to form organs; extremely complex physiological processes occur at this level

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17
Q

Organ system level (of organization)

A

organs that work closely together combine to form an organ system, to accomplish a common purpose; there are 11 organ systems of the human body

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18
Q

Human organism level (or organismal level of organization)

A

the highest level of structural organization; this is the combination of all the organ systems functioning together to sustain the life of the organism

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19
Q

Integumentary System

A

forms the cutaneous membrane (epidermis and dermis), the external body covering’; provides protection and thermoregulation; synthesizes vitamin D; provides cutaneous reception through sensory receptors; additional accessory structures are hair follicles, nails, sweat (sudoriferous) glands and oil (sebaceous) glands.

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20
Q

Skeletal system

A

provides protection and support to the body organs; provides skeletal framework for the muscles to attach, hence, causing movement; stores minerals; blood cell formation occurs within bones

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21
Q

Muscular system

A

produces motion; maintains posture by providing support; produces heat

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22
Q

Nervous System

A

control center of the body, which directs immediate responses to stimuli and coordinates the other organ systems; i.e. responds to internal and external stimuli by activating appropriate muscles and glands

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23
Q

Endocrine system

A

comprised of glands, which secrete hormones that regulate processes (such as metabolism, growth, reproduction) of the other organ systems

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24
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

comprised of the heart, blood vessels, and blood to transport materials (such as respiratory gases, nutrients and waste) within the body

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25
Lymphoid (Lymphatic and Immune) system
comprised of the lymphatic vessels, lymphatic organs (lymph nodes, the thymus, and the spleen), lymphocytes, and lymphoid tissue; returns leaked fluid to blood; provides defense against pathogens and disease by housing white blood cells (lymphocytes) that function in immunity
26
Respiratory system
comprised of the nasal cavities, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and the lungs; maintains the body's constant supply of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide by delivering air to the lungs where gas exchange occurs at the alveoli (air sacs of the lungs)
27
Digestive System
comprised of the gastrointestinal tract (or alimentary canal) and accessory structures, which together function to process food and absorb nutrients
28
Urinary System
comprised of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra; functions to eliminate excess water, salt, nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood
29
Reproductive System
comprised of the gonads (testes in the male, ovaries in the female), accessory organs, and external genitalia; overall function is to produce sex cells and hormones for the purpose of producing offspring; the female reproductive system supports embryonic development
30
anatomical position
person is standing upright, arms at sides, palms facing forward (little fingers are medial, touching the thighs), feet flat on the floor, face straight ahead
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axial region
consists of head, neck, and torso
32
appendicular region
consists of the upper and lower limbs (or extremities)
33
superior (cranial or cephalic)
above the point of reference; toward the head end of upper part of a structure or the body
34
Inferior (caudal)
below the point of reference; toward the tail end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body
35
Anterior (ventral)
toward or at the front of the body; in front of (the front or belly side)
36
Posterior (dorsal)
toward or at the back of the body; behind; (back side)...anterior/dorsal and posterior/ventral are interchangeable in humans only, not so in four-footed animals in which dorsal is superior and ventral is inferior)
37
Medial
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
38
Lateral
away from the midline of the body; toward the sides or on the outer sides
39
Proximal
closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
40
Distal
away from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
41
Superficial (external)
closer to or at the body surface
42
deep (internal)
farther from or away from the body surface; more internal
43
ipsilateral
on the same side
44
contralateral
on opposite sides
45
frontal (coronal) plane
lies vertically and divides the body into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (bank) portion
46
transverse (horizontal) plane
lies horizontally and divides the body into a superior (top) portion and an inferior (lower) portion. These sections are also called cross sections
47
Sagittal plane
lies vertically and divides the body into a right portion and a left portion. If the sagittal plane lies exactly in the midline and the portions are equivalent, it is called a midsagittal plane, or median plane; all other sagittal planes are called parasagittal planes
48
Dorsal body cavity
made up of the cranial and spinal cavity
49
Cranial cavity
lies within skull (cranium), encasing the brain
50
Spinal cavity
lies within the vertebral column, enclosing the spinal cord
51
ventral body cavity (COELOM)
provides protection, allows organ movement, lining prevents friction. Made up of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
52
thoracic cavity
superior to diaphragm, contains heart, lungs, blood vessels; surrounded by ribs and muscles of the chest wall; pleural cavities are within thoracic cavity as is the mediastinum
53
pleural cavities
right and left cavities, which enclose the right and left lungs parietal pleura (the thin membrane that lines the chest walls) of the serous membrane visceral pleura (the thin membrane that adheres to the lungs) of the serous membrane serous fluid fills the pleural cavity btwn the layers of the serous membrane
54
Mediastinal cavity or mediastinum
a central cavity containing a band of organs, which lies btwn the pleural cavities; contains the heart (enclosed by the pericardial cavity), esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels
55
pericardial cavity
contains the heart parietal pericardium (the thin membrane that lines the pericardial was) of the serous membrane visceral pericardium (the thin membrane that adheres to the heart surface) of the serous membrane serous fluid fils the pericardial cavity btwn the layers of the serous membrane
56
abdominopelvic cavity
lies inferior to the diaphragm and is divided into a superior part and an inferior part; abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity are obviously within this
57
Abdominal cavity
``` the superior part, which contains the liver, stomach, small intestine, spleen, kidneys, and other organs; extends from diaphragm superiorly to superior border of sacrum. Many organs in the abdominopelvic cavity are surrounded by a peritoneal cavity peritoneum - serous membrane parietal peritoneum (the thin membrane that lines the wall) of the serous membrane visceral peritoneum (the thin membrane that adheres to the abdominopelvic organs) of the serous membrane The kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ureters are retroperitoneal bc they are located behind the abdominopelvic cavity ```
58
Pelvic cavity
the inferior part, which is enclosed by the bony pelvis; contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum; peritoneum is continuous with that of the abdominal cavity
59
Four abdominopelvic quadrants
more general method of localizing the visceral organs and delineate the abdominopelvic cavity into 4 segments by drawing one horizontal plane and one vertical plane through the umbilicus; includes right upper quadrant (RUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)
60
Nine abdominopelvic regions
used by clinicians to map the visceral organs are created by two transverse planes and two parasagittal planes forming a tic-tac-toe grid; includes umbilical region (center square), hypochondriac regions (right and left superior lateral regions), epigastric region (medial and superior to the umbilical region), lumbar regions (middle lateral regions), hypogastric region (medial and inferior to the umbilical region), inguinal (iliac) regions (inferior lateral regions)
61
Absorption
the route through which substances(only very small molecules) can enter the body, dependent upon catabolic reactions
62
Adaptability
long-term responsiveness
63
Adaptation
the change in living organisms that allow them to live successfully in an environment
64
Differentiation
the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type
65
Excretion
the process of removing metabolic waste products and other useless materials
66
Growth
refers to an increase in some quantity over time, often due to an increase in the size and/or number of individual cells
67
Metabolism
the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life (anabolism and catabolism are involved)
68
Anabolism
refers to the construction of molecules, via metabolic pathways, from smaller units
69
Catabolism
refers to the breakdown of molecules, via metabolic pathways into smaller units, consequently releasing energy
70
Reproduction
the process through which new individual organisms are produced; therefore, it is essential to the continuity of life
71
Supine
the patient is lying down w the face up
72
Prone
the patient is lying down w the face down
73
Responsiveness
the ability of an organism to change activity or functioning, based upon the application of a stimulus; also referred to as irritability

Anatomy (3 decks)

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