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Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cells

A

the basic structural and functional units of life

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2
Q

Cell theory

A

1) cells are the basic unit of structure in all living things
2) new cells are formed/produced from pre-existing cells, via division
3) cells are the fundamental units of structure that perform all vital functions

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3
Q

Types of cells

A

Somatic cells - body cells

Sex cells - reproductive cells or germ cells

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4
Q

Cellular diversity

A

the trillions of cells in the human body are made up of 200 different cell types that vary greatly in size, shape, and function

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5
Q

Cytology

A

the study of the cell’s structure and function

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6
Q

Light Microscopy (LM)

A

uses light to magnify and view cellular structures up to 2000x their natural size

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7
Q

Electron Microscopy (EM)

A

uses electrons to magnify and view cell ultrastructures up to 2 million times their natural size

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8
Q

3 main parts of the cell

A

1) plasmalemma (plasma or cell membrane)
2) cytoplasm
3) nucleus

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9
Q

Fluid Mosaic model concept

A

a thin layer of extracellular fluid surrounds cell; its outer boundary is a selectively permeable lipid bilayer called the cell membrane/plasma membrane/plasmalemma/phospholipid bilayer; this cell membrane model is a bilayer of lipid molecules w protein molecules dispersed within it

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10
Q

Integral proteins

A

embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

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11
Q

peripheral proteins

A

attached to the membrane but can separate from it

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12
Q

channels

A

allow water and ions to move across the membrane

gated channels can open and close

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13
Q

Microvilli

A

tiny fingerlike projections of the cell membrane that increase the surface area of cells, and are involved in a wide variety of functions, including absorption, secretion, and cellular adhesion

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14
Q

Protection (a function of the cell)

A

forms a barrier against substances and forces outside the cell

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15
Q

Structural support (a function of the cell)

A

physical interconnections btwn individual cells occur, as well as connections to their extracellular environment

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16
Q

Sensitivity (a function of the cell)

A

some membrane proteins act as receptors, a component of the cellular communication system

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17
Q

Regulation of exchange with the environment (a function of the cell)

A

free passage of some (not all) materials are permitted

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18
Q

Diffusion (a function of the cell)

A

net movement of material from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; occurs until equilibrium is achieved (meaning the concentration gradient is eliminated)

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19
Q

Osmosis (a function of the cell)

A

net movement (or diffusion) of a solvent (frequently water) across a semi-permeable membrane, from a solution of low solute concentration (high water potential) to a solution with high solute concentration (low water potential)

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20
Q

Facilitated diffusion or facilitated transport (a function of the cell)

A

a process of diffusion; a form of passive transport facilitated by the presence of transport (or carrier) proteins

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21
Q

Active membrane processes

A

the mediated processes of moving molecules and other substances across the cell membrane, often requiring energy in the form of ATP

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22
Q

active transport

A

energy-dependent (require ATP) and independent of concentration gradients; some ion pumps are exchange pumps

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23
Q

endocytosis

A

a process where cells absorb material (molecules such as proteins) from the outside by engulfing it with their cell membrane

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24
Q

phagocytosis (type of endocytosis)

A

cell eating (the process by which cells ingest large objects, such as bacteria or viruses)

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25
receptor-mediated endocytosis (type of endocytosis)
a more specific active event where the cytoplasm membrane folds inward to form coated pits
26
pinocytosis (type of endocytosis)
cell drinking (uptake of solutes and single molecules, such as proteins)
27
cytoplasm
consists of three major elements: cytosol, organelles, and inclusions
28
cytosol
intracellular fluid that contains dissolved solutes, and surrounds the cellular organelles
29
organelles
specialized subunits within a cell that has specific functions
30
membranous organelles
separately enclosed within their own lipid membranes that isolate them from the cytosol; includes the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes
31
nucleus
contains the cell's chromosomal DNA; surrounded by the nuclear envelope (double-layered membrane); contains the fluid nucleoplasm; contains nucleoli (the side of ribosomal RNA synthesis; singular = nucleolus); contains chromatin (chromosome in the non-coiled state when the cell is not dividing; functions as the control center of the cell; its general material, DNA, directs the cell's activities by providing the instructions for protein synthesis; responsible for transmitting genetic info
32
mitochondrium (plural = mitochondria)
bean-shaped organelles, which are described as cellular power plants bc they generate most of the cell's supply of ATP (95%), used as a source of energy consists of 2 membranes outer mitochondrial membrane: encloses the entire organelle inner mitochondrial membrane: folds inward to produce cristae, which increases the surface area and enhances the organelle's ability to produce ATP
33
mitochondrial matrix
the space enclosed by the inner membrane; important in the production of ATP with the aid of the ATP synthase contained in the inner membrane
34
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
interconnected network of tubules, vesicles and cistern (rounded chambers), which is involved in synthesis, storage, transport, and detoxification
35
Rough ER (RER)
has attached ribosomes, where proteins are assembled and packaged in transport vesicles to be exported to the Golgi apparatus. The rough ER has several functions in kaiaking all proteins that are secreted from cells, on its ribosomes, and providing RER membrane for the cell membrane
36
Smooth ER (SER)
does not have attached ribosomes; it functions in lipid and carbohydrate (steroid) synthesis, lipid metabolism, calcium ion storage, drug detoxification
37
Golgi apparatus (Golgi body, Golgi complex, dictyosome)
composed of flattened membrane-bound stacks known as cistern (singular = cisterna) functions in packaging materials for lysosomes, peroxisomes, secretory vesicles, and membrane segments that are used to replenish the cell membrane Transport vesicles from the RER are processed from the cis-Golgi (convex end) to trans-Golgi (concave end) through the apparatus Secretory products are discharged from the cell through the process of exocytosis (the ejection of cytoplasmic materials by fusion of a membranous vesicles with the cell membrane
38
Lysosomes
spherical, membrane-walled sacs that contain digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases); function in digesting unwanted substances, such as excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria
39
Peroxisomes
smaller, membrane-walled sacs that contain enzymes, especially oxidases and catalase, that function in removing toxic peroxides from the body peroxide: a compound that contains an oxygen-oxygen single bond
40
non-membranous organelles
not enclosed within their own lipid membranes; hence, they are always exposed to the cytosol; includes ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles, cilia, flagellum, microvilli
41
ribosomes
complexes of two subunits (ribosomal RNA and protein); function as the site of protein synthesis; two types found in cells free ribosomes - located within the cytosol fixed ribosomes - bound to the ER
42
cytoskeleton
an elaborate, internal network of protein rods spanning throughout the cytosol; confers strength and flexibility to the cytoplasm; provides support and shape to the cell, as well as intracellular movement; microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, thick filaments help make up cytoskeleton
43
microtubules
composed of the protein tubular; function as the main support of the cell; allow the cell to change shape; allow organelle movement; function during cell division in moving and separating DNA strands
44
microfilaments
mainly composed of thin strands of the actin protein
45
intermediate filaments
function in providing strength, stabilization of the organelles, and transport of materials within the cytoplasm
46
thick filaments
mainly composed of the protein myosin; produce movement with the action of actin
47
centrioles
long, barrel-shaped microtubules that radiate from the centrosome (spherical structure in the cytoplasm near the nucleus) in non-dividing cells Active in dividing cells and function in directing the movement of chromosomes during cell division Also function in forming the bases of cilia and flagella
48
Cilia (singular = cilium)
microtubules containing tail-like projections that are anchored by a basal body; function in movements of fluids or secretions across the cell surface, by beating rhythmically
49
flagellum (plural = flagella)
a whip-like projection that function in moving a cell through surrounding fluid; this is a longer version of the cilium; found only on sperm, enabling them to swim in the female reproductive tract
50
microvilli (singular = microvillus)
tiny fingerlike projections of the cell membrane that increase the surface area of cells
51
inclusions
chemical substances in the cytoplasm that may or may not be present in a cell, depending on the cell type; these are often stored nutrients, secretory products, and pigment granules
52
intercellular attachments
three different types of cell junctions, by which cells attach to each other or to extracellular protein fibers; includes occluding junction (tight junction), communication junction (gap junction), anchoring junction
53
occluding junction (tight junction)
the lipid portions of the plasma membranes bind together to seal the intercellular space btwn the cells, thereby preventing materials from passing btwn them
54
communicating junction (gap junction)
membrane or channel proteins, called connexons hold two cells together, forming a narrow passageway (channels) btwn the cells
55
anchoring junction
two adjacent cells are technically linked together at their lateral or basal surfaces (desmosome and hemidesmosome)
56
desmosome (macula adherens or macula adherents)
a system of cell adhesion molecules (CAMS = large transmembrane proteins that bind cells to each other and to the extracellular fluid) and intercellular cement that glue adjacent cells together
57
hemidesmosome
a very small stud- or rivet-like structure on the inner basal surface that attaches a cell to the filaments and fibers of the extracellular matrix
58
cell division
the series of events that take place in a eukaryote (nucleated) cell, leading to its replication; divided into two brief stages
59
Interphase
divided into the G1, S, G2 stages
60
G1
cells are metabolically active, make proteins rapidly, and grow vigorously
61
S
DNA replicates itself
62
G2
final part of interphase where enzymes needed for cell division are synthesized
63
M phase (mitotic phase)
cells divide in this phase; composed of two tightly-coupled processes MITOSIS (or mitosis proper) and CYTOKINESIS, which together define the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell
64
Stages of Mitosis (mitosis proper)
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
65
Prophase
the chromatin threads coil and condense, forming warlike chromosomes, each of which are comprised of two identical chromatin threads, now called chromatids Chromatids are held together by a small, button like body called a centromere and cohesin (a protein complex) Nucleoli disappear as chromosomes appear Cytoskeletal microtubules disassemble The mitotic spindle (a new assembly of microtubules) forms btwn the centriole pairs The nuclear envelope fragments and begins to be dispersed to the ER
66
Metaphase
chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell; centromeres precisely align at the equator (exact center) of the spindle, at the metaphase plate
67
Anaphase
shortest stage of mitosis; typically last only a few minutes; Begins abruptly as the chromatid pairs separate (centromeres of the chromosomes split), and each chromatid now becomes a chromosome in its own right The V-shaped daughter chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the cell
68
Telophase
begins as soon as chromosomal movement stops Nuclear membranes form and the nuclei enlarge as the chromosomes begin to uncoil Nucleoli reappear and the nuclei resemble those of interphase cells
69
Cytokinesis
completes the division of the cell into two daughter cells; occurs as a contractile ring of peripheral microfilaments forms at the cleavage furrow and squeezes the cells apart Actually begins during late anaphase and continues through and beyond telophase

Anatomy (3 decks)

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