Chapter 3

Question 1

Tissues

Answer 1

collections of specialized cells and cell products that are organized to perform a relatively limited number of functions

Question 2

4 primary tissue types

Answer 2

epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue

Question 3

Histology

Answer 3

study of tissues

Question 4

Epithelial tissue

Answer 4

cover surfaces and glands which are secretory structured derived from epithelia; epithelia provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, and produce specialized secretions

Question 5

Epithelium

Answer 5

an avascular sheet of cells that forms a surface, lining, or covering. Consist mainly of tightly bound cells, rather than extracellular materials; epithelial cells are replaced continually through stem cell activity

Question 6

Gland cells

Answer 6

epithelial cells that produce secretions

Question 7

Stem cells

Answer 7

areas exposed to extreme chemical or mechanical stresses, divisions by stem cells

Question 8

Basement membrane

Answer 8

all epithelial tissue rests on an underlying basement membrane

Question 9

simple epithelium

Answer 9

single layer of cells covering the basement membrane

Question 10

stratified epithelium

Answer 10

several layers of cells

Question 11

squamous epithelium

Answer 11

surface cells are thin and flat

Question 12

columnar epithelium

Answer 12

cells are hexagonal but relatively tall and slender

Question 13

cuboidal epithelium

Answer 13

cells resemble short hexagonal boxes

Question 14

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Answer 14

contains columnar cells, some of which possess cilia, and mucous cells that appear stratified but are not

Question 15

transitional epithelium

Answer 15

characterized by a mix of what appears to be both cuboidal and squamous cells arranged to permit stretching

Question 16

Exocrine secretions

Answer 16

discharged through ducts onto the skin or an epithelial surface that communicates w the exterior
classified as serous, mucous, or mixed

Question 17

Endocrine secretions

Answer 17

known as hormones, are released by gland cells into the interstitial fluid surrounding the cell

Question 18

serous

Answer 18

producing a watery solution usually containing enzymes

Question 19

mucous

Answer 19

producing a viscous, sticky, mucus

Question 20

mixed

Answer 20

producing both types of secretions

Question 21

unicellular glands

Answer 21

in epithelia that contain scattered gland cells, individual secretory cells are called unicellular glands

Question 22

multicellular glands

Answer 22

glandular epithelia or aggregations of gland cells that produce exocrine or endocrine secretions
glandular epithelia may release its secretions through a eccrine, apocrine, or holocrine mechanism

Question 23

Eccrine secretion

Answer 23

the most common method of secretion, the product is released by exocytosis

Question 24

Apocrine secretion

Answer 24

involves the loss of both secretory product and some cytoplasm

Question 25

Holocrine secretion

Answer 25

destroys the cell, which becomes packaged w secretory product before bursting

Question 26

components of connective tissue

Answer 26

specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, and ground substance. The combo of protein fibers and ground substance forms the matrix of the tissue connective tissue, w the exception of adipose tissue, are identified by the characteristics of the extracellular matrix

Question 27

Functions of connective tissue

Answer 27

an internal tissue w many important functions, including establishing a structural framework; transporting fluids and dissolved materials; protecting delicate organs; supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting tissues; storing energy reserves; and depending the body from microorganisms

Question 28

connective tissue proper

Answer 28

refers to all connective tissues that contain varied cell populations (free cells and wandering cells) and fiber types suspended in a viscous ground substance (loose and dense connective tissues are included in connective tissue proper)

Question 29

fluid connective tissues

Answer 29

have a distinctive population of cells suspended in a watery ground substance containing dissolved proteins (examples are blood and lymph) extracellular fluid includes the plasma of blood; the interstitial fluid within other connective tissues and other tissue types: and lymph, which is confined to vessels of the lymphatic system

Question 30

supporting connective tissues

Answer 30

have a less diverse cell population than connective tissue proper. Additionally they have a. dense matrix that contains closely packed fibers. These two types of supporting connective tissues are cartilage and bones

Question 31

3 fiber types in connective tissue

Answer 31

collagen fibers, reticular fibers, and elastic fibers

Question 32

loose connective tissue

Answer 32

most of the volume of loose connective tissue is ground substance, a viscous fluid that cushions shocks. Most of the volume in dense connective tissue consists of extracellular protein fibers. 3 types: areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue

Question 33

dense connective tissue

Answer 33

two types: dense regular connective shadow - fibers are parallel and aligned along lines of stress dense irregular connective tissue - fibers form an interwoven meshwork

Question 34

Matrix of cartilage

Answer 34

a firm gel that contains chondroitin sulfates. It is produced by immature cells called chondroblasts and maintained by mature cells called chondrocytes

Question 35

Perichondrium

Answer 35

a fibrous covering that separates cartilage from surrounding tissues

Question 36

Cartilage growth

Answer 36

``` appositional growth (growth at the surface) interstitial growth (growth from within) ```

Question 37

3 types of cartilage

Answer 37

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrous cartilage

Question 38

Bone

Answer 38

has a matrix consisting of collagen fibers and calcium salts, giving it unique properties -osteocytes in lacunae depend on diffusion through intercellular connections or canaliculi for nutrient intake

Question 39

Periosteum

Answer 39

all bone surfaces except those inside joint cavities are covered by this which has a fibrous and cellular layers. It helps attach the bone to surrounding tissues, tendons, and ligaments, and it helps repair bone after an injury

Question 40

Membranes

Answer 40

form a barrier or interface; epithelia and connective tissues combine to form membranes that cover and protect other structures and tissues.

Question 41

4 types of membranes

Answer 41

mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial

Question 42

Mucous membrane

Answer 42

line passageways that communicate w the exterior, such as the digestive and respiratory tracts. These surfaces are usually moistened by mucous secretions. They contain areolar tissue called the lamina propria

Question 43

Serous membranes

Answer 43

line internal cavities and are delicate, moist, and very permeable. Include the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial membranes. Each serous membrane forms a fluid called a transudate

Question 44

Cutaneous membrane

Answer 44

(skin), covers the body surface. Unlike other membranes, it is relatively thick, waterproof, and usually dry

Question 45

Synovial membrane

Answer 45

located within the cavity of synovial joints, produces synovial fluid that fills joint cavities. Synovial fluid helps lubricate the joint and promotes smooth movement

Question 46

Mesenchyme

Answer 46

all connective tissues are derived from embryonic mesenchyme

Question 47

Muscle tissue

Answer 47

consists primarily of cells that are specialized for contraction. Three different types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Question 48

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Answer 48

contains large, cylindrical muscle fibers interconnected by collagen and elastic fibers. Skeletal muscle fibers have striations due to the organization of their contractile proteins. Because we can control the contraction of skeletal muscle fibers through the nervous system, skeletal muscle is classified as striated voluntary muscle. Myosatellite cells divide to produce new muscle fibers

Question 49

Cardiac muscle tissue

Answer 49

found only in the heart; composed of unicellular, branched short cells. The nervous system does not provide voluntary control over cardiac muscle cells; meaning that cardiac muscle is striated involuntary muscle

Question 50

Smooth muscle tissue

Answer 50

composed of short, tapered cells containing a single nucleus. it is found in the walls of blood vessels, around hollow organs, and in layers around various tracts. It is non striated involuntary muscle. Smooth muscle cells can divide and therefore regenerate after injury

Question 51

Nervous tissue

Answer 51

specialized to conduct electrical impulses from one area of the body to another

Question 52

Neurons

Answer 52

transmit info as electrical impulses; have a cell body that contains a large prominent nucleus. Various branching processes termed dendrites and a single axon or nerve fiber extend from the cell body. Dendrites receive incoming messages; axons conduct messages toward other cells

Question 53

Neuroglia

Answer 53

provide a supporting framework for nervous tissue and play a role in providing nutrients to neurons