Chapter 1

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

The study of form (structure)

Question 2

Medical imaging

Answer 2

Viewing the inside of the body without surgery

Question 3

Gross anatomy

Answer 3

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Question 4

Cytology

Answer 4

The study and functions of cells

Question 5

Histology

Answer 5

Study of tissue with microscope

Question 6

Ultra structure

Answer 6

Cells can only be seen with an electron microscope (ultra magnification)

Question 7

Histopathology

Answer 7

The study of change in tissue due to diseases

Question 8

Physiology

Answer 8

The study of function

Asks how does it work?

Question 9

Neurophysiology

Answer 9

Physiology of the nervous system

Question 10

Endocrinology

Answer 10

Physiology of hormones and glands

Question 11

Pathophysiology

Answer 11

Mechanisms of disease

Question 12

Comparative physiology

Answer 12

• Study of different species to learn about bodily functions

* Main basis for development of new drugs and procedures

Question 13

Sub-disciplines of physiology

Answer 13

Neurophysiology
Endocrinology
Pathophysiology
Comparative Physiology

Question 14

Scientific fact

Answer 14

Information that can be independently be independently verified by a trained person

Question 15

Law of nature

Answer 15

Generalization about the predictable way matter and energy behave
(Gravity)
It will always behave this way

Question 16

Theory

Answer 16

• An explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, confirmed by hypotheses
• summarizes what we know

Question 17

Evolution

Answer 17

Change in genetic composition of organisms

Remember the island of birds

Question 18

Natural Selection

Answer 18

Some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors
-disease resistance

Question 19

Selection pressure

Answer 19

Natural forces that promote reproductive success of some individuals more than others

Question 20

Adaptations

Answer 20

Features of an organism anatomy, physiology that have evolved in response to the selection pressure which enable the organism to cope with the challenges of the environment

Question 21

Hierarchy of complexity

Answer 21

• Organism- a single complete individual
• Organ system- human body made of 11 organ systems
• Organ- structure composed of 2 or more tissue types working together to preform the same goal
• Tissue- a mass of similar cells that form discrete region of an organ and preforms a specific function
• Cells- Basic unit of life
• Organelle-microscopic structures in a cell that carries individual functions (Nucleus)
• Molecule- make up organelles-macromolecules- proteins,carbs and fats

Atoms- the smallest particles with unique chemical identities

Question 22

Anatomical variation

Answer 22

No 2 humans are exactly alike
70% most common structure
30% anatomically variant

Question 23

Characteristics of Life

Answer 23

• Organization
• Cellular composition
• Metabolism
• Responsiveness and movement
• Homeostasis
• Development
• Reproduction
• Evolution

Question 24

Metabolism

Answer 24

• Anabolism-build up reaction
• Catabolism- break down reaction (proteins from food)

Excretion- getting rid of waste (reaction)

Question 25

Responsiveness and movement

Answer 25

Stimuli

Question 26

Development

Answer 26

Differentiation and growth | Child->adult

Question 27

Evolution

Answer 27

Mutations

Question 28

Physiological Variation

Answer 28

``` Sex Age Diet Weight Physical activity All variations ```

Question 29

Hemeostasis

Answer 29

The body’s ability to detect change and activate mechanisms to oppose it to maintain a balance

Question 30

Negative feedback loop

Answer 30

Body sense a change and activated mechanisms to reverse it I.e- sweating and shivering

Question 31

Negative feedback control of blood pressure

Answer 31

* Sitting up in bed causes a drop in bp in the head and upper thorax * Baroreceptors in the arteries near the heart alert the cardiac center in the brain stem * Cardiac center sends nerve signals that increase the heart rate and return the bp to normal Failure to do this may cause dizziness

Question 32

3 components of a feedback loop

Answer 32

* Receptors- sense change in the body * integrating control center (brain)-control center that makes a decision and directs the response * Effector (has an effect)- carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis

Question 33

Positive feedback loop

Answer 33

Takes you away from homeostasis momentarily to accomplish a goal

Question 34

Review of major themes

Answer 34

* Cell theory- all structures and function result from the activity of cells * homeostasis- the purpose of most normal physiology is to maintain stable conditions within the body * Evolution- the human body is a product of evolution * Hierarchy of structure- human structure can be viewed as a series of levels of complexity * Unity of form and function (A&P)-Form and function that completely each other

Question 35

Medical imaging

Answer 35

*Xrays (radiography)-penetrate tissues to darken photographic film beneath the body *Computed tomography (CT) was a called cat scan Low intensity x-rays-slice type image * Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)- slice type image-superior quality to CT-alignment and realignment of hydrogen atoms with magnetic field and radio waves * Sonography (sounds waves)-most widely used-high frequency sound waves echo back from thermal organs-avoids harmful x-rays, not sharp image

Question 36

Principle of complementarity

Answer 36

The “complimentary of structure and function” refers to the fact that each anatomical structure contains a particular size, shape and location, which enables it to perform unique and specific functions. The function is determined by structure, so the function and structure are complementary like two sides of a coin.

Question 37

Example of positive feed back loop

Answer 37

Head of fetus pushes against cervix Nerve impulses from cervix to brain Brain stimulates pituitary glands to secrete oxytocin Oxytocin stimulates uterine contraction and pushes fetus towards cervix