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A&P BMCC > Chapter 3 The cell > Flashcards

Chapter 3 The cell Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Modern Cell Theory

A
  • All organisms composed of cells and cell products
  • Cell is the unit of life
  • An organism’s structure and functions are due to the activities of its cells.
  • Cells come only from preexisting cells, not from nonliving matter.
  • Cells of all species have many fundamental similarities in their chemical composition and metabolic mechanisms.
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2
Q

Cell Shapes

A

• Squamous - thin and flat with nucleus creating bulge
• Polygonal - irregularly angular shapes with 4 or more
sides
• Stellate – starlike shape
• Cuboidal – squarish and about as tall as they are wide
• Columnar - Like a column
• Spheroid to Ovoid – round to oval
• Discoid - disc-shaped
• Fusiform - thick in middle, tapered toward the ends
• Fibrous – threadlike shape

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

• fluid between the nucleus and surface
membrane

contains: organelles, cytoskeleton and cytosol

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4
Q

Resolution

A

• ability to reveal detail

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5
Q

Plasma membrane form

A
  • surrounds cell

* made of proteins and lipids

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6
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

• fluid outside of cell

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7
Q

Plasma membrane function

A
  • defines cell boundaries
  • governs interactions with other cells
  • controls passage of materials in and out of cell
  • intracellular face – side that faces cytoplasm
  • extracellular face – side that faces outward
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8
Q

Membrane Lipids

A

98% of plasma membrane are lipids
• Phospholipids
• Cholesterol
• Glycolipids

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9
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • Most of the membrane lipids are phospholipids
  • drift laterally from place to place
  • movement keeps membrane fluid
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10
Q

hydrophilic Phospholipids

A

•heads face water on each side of membrane

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11
Q

hydrophobic tails

A

• directed toward the center, avoiding water

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12
Q

Cholesterol

A

– holds phospholipids still and can stiffen membrane

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13
Q

Glycolipids

A

– phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains on extracellular face
– contributes to glycocalyx – carbohydrate coating on the cells surface

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14
Q

Membrane Proteins Form

A
  • Transmembrane proteins

* Peripheral proteins

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15
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A
  • pass through membrane
  • have hydrophilic regions in contact with cytoplasm and extracellular fluid
  • have hydrophobic regions that pass back and forth through the lipid of the membrane
  • most are glycoproteins
  • can drift about freely in phospholipid film
  • some anchored to cytoskeleton
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16
Q

Peripheral proteins

A
  • adhere to one face of the membrane

* usually tethered to the cytoskeleton

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17
Q

Membrane Proteins Function

A

• receptors, second-messenger systems,
enzymes, ion channels, carriers, cell-identity
markers, cell-adhesion molecules

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18
Q

Membrane Receptors

A

• Bind to chemical signal

(hormones such as insulin) neurotransmitter

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19
Q

Membrane Enzymes

A

• enzymes in plasma membrane carry out
final stages of starch and protein digestion
in small intestine

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20
Q

Ion Channels (Gated Channels)

A

– some constantly open
– some are gated-channels that open and close in
response to stimuli
• ligand (chemically)-regulated gates
• voltage-regulated gates
• mechanically regulated gates (stretch and pressure)

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21
Q

Membrane Carriers or Pumps

A

• Transmembrane proteins bind to glucose,
electrolytes, and other solutes
(consumes ATP)

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22
Q

Cell-Identity Markers

A

• Enables our bodies to identify which cells
belong to it and which are foreign invaders
• Glycoproteins contribute to the glycocalyx
(acts as an id tag)

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23
Q

Glycocalyx

A 
• Unique fuzzy coat external to the plasma
membrane
• Functions
- cell identification
- fertilization
- embryonic development
– transplant compatibility
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24
Q

Microvilli

A

• Extensions of membrane

increase surface area needed for absorption

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25
Cilia
* nonmotile primary cilium | * Motile cilia
26
Motile cilia
• sweep substances across surface in same direction
27
Flagella
* tail of the sperm - only functional flagellum * allows the sperm to fertilize the egg * movement is more undulating, snakelike movement is snakelike
28
Membrane Transport
* plasma membrane * passive transport mechanisms * active transport mechanisms * carrier-mediated mechanisms
29
plasma membrane
• a barrier and a gateway between the | cytoplasm and ECF
30
passive transport mechanisms
* requires no ATP | * filtration, diffusion, osmosis
31
active transport mechanisms
* consumes ATP | * active transport and vesicular transport
32
carrier-mediated mechanisms
* can move substances from one side to another in use of a protein * sometimes uses atp sometimes no atp is needed
33
Filtration
• process in which particles are driven through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure (force exerted on a membrane by water)
34
Simple Diffusion
* no ATP required | * the net movement of particles from area of high concentration to area of low concentration
35
Diffusion Rates
– temperature - ­⬆ temp ­⬆ ­ motion of particles – molecular weight - larger molecules move slower – steepness of concentrated gradient - ­⬆ ­difference, ­ rate­⬆ – membrane surface area - ­­⬆ area,­⬆ ­ rate – membrane permeability - ­ ­⬆ permeability, ­­⬆rate
36
Membrane Permeability
* Diffusion through lipid bilayer (small substances) * Diffusion through channel proteins (water) * Cells control permeability
37
Osmosis
• movement of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other
38
Aquaporins
• channel proteins specialized for passage of water | effects tonicicty
39
Tonicity
* Tonicity - ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell * Hypotonic solution- has a lower concentration of non permeating solutes than intracellular fluid * Hypertonic solution- has a higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes * Isotonic solution – no changes in cell volume or cell shape cause the concentration is the same
40
Carrier-Mediated Transport
• Transport proteins in the plasma membrane that carry solutes from one side of the membrane to the other • solute binds to a specific receptor site on carrier protein
41
facilitated diffusion
• move high to low • carrier-mediated transport (carries protein) of solute through a membrane down the concentration gradient no atp
42
active transport
• sodium-potassium pump keeps K+ concentration higher inside the cell • requires ATP • from low to high
43
Uniport
• carries only one solute at a time
44
Symport
• carries 2 or more solutes simultaneously in same direction
45
Antiport
* carries 2 or more solutes in opposite directions | * (e.x) sodium-potassium pump brings in K+ and removes Na+ from cell
46
Sodium-Potassium Pump
* each pump cycle consumes one ATP and exchanges three Na+ for two K+ * keeps the K+ concentration higher and the Na+ concentration lower with in the cell than in ECF * necessary because Na+ and K+ constantly leak through membrane
47
Vesicular Transport
•processes that move large particles, fluid droplets, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane in vesicles – bubblelike enclosures of membrane • motor proteins consumes ATP
48
Endocytosis
* vesicular processes that bring material into the cell * phagocytosis-– “cell eating” - engulfing large particles * pinocytosis – “cell drinking” taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules useful in the cell * receptor-mediated endocytosis – particles bind to receptors on plasma membrane (surface)
49
Exocytosis
• discharging material from the cell
50
Cytoskeleton
* collection of protein filaments | * microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
51
Inclusions
• stored cellular components and fat droplets
52
Nucleus
* anuclear - RBC no nucleus | * multinucleate- more than one nucleus
53
nuclear envelope
• phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the nucleus
54
nuclear pores
• formed by rings of protein
55
nucleoplasm
• material in nucleus • chromatin- (thread-like matter) composed of DNA and protein • nucleoli-one or more dark masses where ribosomes are produced
56
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Produce phospholipds • detoxification of alcohol other drugs (in liver)
57
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Produce protein
58
Ribosomes
• made up of protein and RNA Function • read messenger RNA and make proteins from it
59
Golgi complex
* modification of protein | * carbohydrates synthesis
60
Lysosomes
* vesicles that have enzymes | * digest protein (destroy things)
61
autophagy (self eating)
• digest and dispose of worn out organelles
62
autolysis (self suicide)
• some cells are meant to do a certain job and then destroy themselves • webbing of the fingers
63
Peroxisomes
* main function to detoxify all compounds | * breakdown fatty acids
64
Mitochondrion
• to produce ATP
65
Centrioles
• are envoled in the process of cell division (mitosis)
66
microfilaments (small)
* made of protein actin * keeps the shape * envovled in transport of orgenelle * plays a role in cell division
67
intermediate fibers (medium)
* thicker and stiffer than microfilaments * keeps the shape * envovled in transport of orgenelle * plays a role in cell division
68
microtubules (large)
``` • cylinders made of 13 parallel strands called protofilaments • keeps the shape • envovled in transport of orgenelle • plays a role in cell division ```
69
Inclusions
* Stored material no membrane (fat droplets) (pollen) * Foreign bodies (viruses) * non essential

A&P BMCC (3 decks)

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