Chapter #1 Flashcards
(32 cards)
what are the 5 steps for IUPAC naming?
- identify the longest carbon chain connecting the highest-order functional group
- number the chain
- name the substituents
- assign a number to each substituent
- complete the name
Step 1: caveats of identifying the longest chain
careful, may not be the one that appears
if tie, most branched gets it
Step 2: caveats in numbering the longest carbon chain
- carbon #1 will be closest to the highest priority functional group
- if the functional groups all have the same priority then numbering the chain should make the numbers of the substituted carbons the lowest number possible.
- double bond takes precedence over triple bond
the more ____ the carbon, the higher its priority in a molecule
higher
heteroatoms
atoms that are not carbon and hydrogen (ex: oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, etc.)
what determines the suffix when naming organic compounds?
the highest priority functional group and the length of the parent chain.
if there are multiple substituents of the same type, how do we indicate this?
we use the prefixes di, tri, tetra, in front of the substituent’s name.
describe alphabetical order of complete naming
substituents are arranged as prefixes in alphabetical order ignoring the prefixes such as di, tri etc. and the hyphenated prefixes such as tert-, etc.
prefixes such as iso- that are part of the actual name are not ignored (only hyphenated)
when naming, the longest carbon chain must _____
contain the highest priority functional group
what is the formula for all alkanes
CnH(2n+2)
how are alkyl halides indicated?
they are indicated by a prefix
how are double and triple bonds named?
changing the suffix slightly: -ene or -yne
naming of alcohols
- if highest priority functional group: replace the end of the alkane name with “-ol”
- if not highest priority functional group: add as substituent with “hydroxy-“
compare geminal diols and vicinal diols
geminal diols are compounds with two hydroxy groups on the same carbon
vicinal diols are compounds with two hydroxy groups on adjacent different carbons
what usually happens to geminal diols?
they spontaneously hydrate and lose a water molecule, forming a carbonyl.
name diols
the entire hydrocarbon name is preserved and then “-diol” is added in the end
Ex: ethane-1,2-diol
what is a straight chain alkane?
it has no branches
how are aldehydes named?
replace the “-e” at the end of the parent alkane with “-al”
when the aldehyde is at the ___ position, we do not need to include this number in the chemical name
1 position
We will ___ have to assign a number to the carbonyl carbon when naming ketones
always
comes in the middle of a carbon chain
how are ketones named?
replace the “-e” in the name of the parent alkane with “-one”
how to commonly name ketones?
list the alkyl groups in alphabetical order followed by ketone
how are ketones and aldehydes indicated if they are not the highest priority functional group?
prefix “oxo-“ for both
sometimes “keto-“ for ketones
show the alpha carbon
it is the carbon adjacent to the carbonyl group (could be either side)
alpha, beta, gamma, delta
it goes carbonyl carbon and then alpha carbon.
