Chapter 1 and 3 Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
- one of the most important groups by any criterion
- Phenomena in biochemistry and
molecular biology comes from
bacterial research
A
bacteria
2
Q
shape of bacteria that is chainlike
A
streptococci
3
Q
shape of bacteria that is pair
A
diplococci
4
Q
shape of cell that is grapelike clusters/ broad sheets
A
staphylococci
5
Q
divide in 2 planes and remain in groups of 4
A
tetrads
6
Q
divide in 3 planes and remain in cube like groups of 8
A
sarcinae
7
Q
Single
DIPLObacilli: pair
STREPTObacilli: chainlike
A
bacilli
8
Q
curved rods
A
vibrios
9
Q
helical, rigid; uses flagella to move
A
spirilla
10
Q
helical, flexible; uses axial filaments to move
A
spirochetes
11
Q
Maintain single shape
A
monomorphic
12
Q
Many shapes
Individual variation on cell wall
Change in shape may be due to disruption
A
pleomorphic
13
Q
Substance that surrounds cells
Sugar coat Viscous, gelatinous polymer composed of polysaccharide or polypeptide
Layer that is often quite thick
Transparent, not easily stained
A
glycocalyx
14
Q
Important in contributing to bacterial virulence
Protection from phagocytosis
Attachment to various surfaces
Source of nutrition
Inhibit movement of nutrients
from the cell
Prevent dehydration
A
glycocalyx
15
Q
two types of glycocalyx
A
capsule and slime layer
16
Q
organized substance
attached to cell wall
A
capsule
17
Q
unorganized and
loosely attached
A
slime layer
18
Q
- Protect bacterial colonies from
host defenses - Protect the bacteria from toxic
agents - Contributes to the pathogenesis of
bacteria
A
Biofilm
19
Q
Long filamentous appendages that
propel bacteria
Filament – outermost, contains the
protein flagellin
Hook
Basal body – anchorage to cell wall
and plasma membrane
Used for motility
Moves the cell by rotating from the
basal body
A
flagella
20
Q
outermost, contains the
protein flagellin
A
filament
21
Q
anchorage to cell wall
and plasma membrane
A
basal body
22
Q
movement of flagella
toward or away from a stimulus
A
taxis
23
Q
types of flagella
A
Monotrichous
Lophotrichous
Amphitrichous
Peritrichous
24
Q
Another appendages for
movement
Bundles of fibrils that arise at the
ends of the cell beneath the outer
sheath and spiral around the cell
Usually seen in Spirochetes
A
axial filament
24
Longer than fimbriae
Rigid tubular structures made of the protein pilin
Pilin can be antigenic
Join cells for the transfer of DNA(conjugation)
Only found in Gram-negative bacteria
Pili
25
Complex, semi-rigid structure
Responsible for characteristic shape and architecture
Surrounds and protect cytoplasmic membrane and internal parts
cell wall
26
- for adherence to surfaces
- also called common pili
- example: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
fimbriae
27
Protects against changes in osmotic pressure
Helps maintain cell shape
Anchorage site of flagella
Contributes to the ability to cause diseases
Site of action of some antibiotics
Used to differentiate major types of bacteria
cell wall
28
Provides rigidity and flexibility
Present only in
prokaryotes
Polymer consisting of N- acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid
(NAM)
peptidoglycan
29
- disruption of membrane
- lost of cytoplasm
- lipoteichoic acid
lysis
30
- major cell wall component of some archaea
- false cell wall
- acetyl amino acid
pseudomurein
31
Also present in the cell wall
of gram-negative bacteria;
unique to bacterial cell
wall
diaminopimelic acid (DAP)
32
Thick layer of
peptidoglycan
Negatively charged
teichoic acid on surface
gram-positive bacteria
33
Thin peptidoglycan
Outer membrane
Periplasmic space
gram-negative bacteria
34
Many layers of peptidoglycan
Insoluble but porous
Stain purple in gram stain
Contains teichoic and lipoteichoic acid
Polymers of ribitol orglycerol joined by a
phosphate group
Bind and regulate movement of cations into
and out of the cell
Plays a role in cell growth
Prevents wall breakdown and lysis
gram-positive cell walls
35
One or few peptidoglycan layers found in the periplasmic space bonded to lipoproteins in the outer membrane
Stains red or pink in gram staining
Periplasmic space–space between outer membrane and inner cell membrane
“Bag of enzymes”: enzyme rich space
Degrades macromolecules Protects against toxic intruders
Gather/bind essential nutrients and deliver to transport proteins
gram-negative cell walls
36
space between outer membrane and inner cell membrane
periplasmic space
37
Serves as a selective permeability barrier which prevents slows entry of potentially toxic materials and allows entry of nutrients
porins
38
Lack walls or may have unusual walls composed of polysaccharides and proteins
archaeobacteria
39
Naturally have no cell wall
Smallest known bacteria
It has a plasma membrane, which consists of sterols that protect cell form lysis
mycoplasma
40
- Consists of special lipids and
proteins
- Destroyed by alcohols and
polymyxin antibiotics
- Thin structure enclosing the
cytoplasm
cell membrane
41
Irregular folds of the
plasma membrane
Previously described as
artifacts
mesosomes
42
The organelle of
photosynthesis in
photosynthetic bacteria
chromatophores
43
Location of most biochemical
activities
Contains DNA, ribosomes, and
inclusions
cytoplasm
44
- Reserve deposits
- Granules containing nutrients, monomers, Fe compounds(magnetosomes)
inclusions
45
contains a single, long, circular molecule of double stranded DNA Carry genetic information
bacterial chromosomes
46
Small, circular. Double stranded DNA molecules
Extrachromosomal genetic material
May carry genes for virulence of the organism
In conjugation, it can function independently from nuclear area
plasmids
47
Responsible for the granular appearances
Main site of protein synthesis
Composed of 2 sub-units each with a protein and ribosomal RNA
Can be inhibited by certain antibiotics
ribosomes
48
Form during adverse conditions (Sporulation)
Persist for several years until appropriate stimulation gives rise to singular bacterial cell Resting structures
Highly durable dehydrated cells with thick wall
Can survive extreme heat, lack of water, and exposure to many toxic chemicals and radiation
Special coat surrounding the spore
Relative resistance to antibiotics
endospores
49
Bacteria and location of spore
Central, terminal, or
subterminal
50
Process of endospore
formation within a
vegetative cell
sporulation
51
Return of endospore to a
vegetative state
germination
52
The process by which coloring
agents or dye is added to the
specimen to enhance microscopic
examination
Acidic dye has negative charge so
they bind to positively charged cell
structures like some proteins
Basic dye have positive charge &
bind to negatively charged
molecules
staining
53
Crystal violet-iodine crystal form I
cell
gram stain
54
Alcohol dehydrates
peptidoglycan
CV-I crystal do not leave
gram-positive
55
Alcohol dissolves outer
membrane and leaves
holes in peptidoglycan
CV-I washes out
gram-negative
56
Bacteria such as those in the genus
Mycobacterium do not readily
stain but do so upon application of
heat
- Mycolic acid (waxy lipid) covers thin peptidoglycan layer
acid fast stain
57
Spores are most simply observed as colorless areas in cells stained by conventional methods
The spore wall is relatively impermeable, but dyes can be made to penetrate it by heating the preparation
Spores are commonly stained with malachite green or carbolfuchsin
endospore stain
58
This procedure involves staining the background with an acidic dye, leaving the cells contrastingly colorless
The black dye nigrosin is commonly used
This method is used for cells or structures that are difficult to stain directly
negative staining
59
Flagella are too fine to be visible in the light microscope
Treating the cells with an unstable colloidal suspension of tannic acid salts
The apparent diameter of the flagella is increased to such an extent that subsequent staining with basic fuchsin make the flagella visible in the light microscope
flagella stain
60
______________ are usually demonstrated by the negative staining procedure or a modification of it
involves treatment with hot crystal violet solution followed by a rinsing with copper sulfate solution
capsule/ capsule staining
61
is a result of the inward
growth of the cytoplasmic
membrane and cell wall from
opposing directions until the two
daughter cells are pinched off
septum
62
If the cells remain temporarily
attached after division, certain
characteristics groupings result
Depending on the plane of division
and the number of divisions
through which the cells remain
attached
After fission of some bacteria, characteristic post division
movement occur
cell groupings
63
- tremendous impact on life (physically and chemically)
- unicellular or multicellular
microorganisms
64
practical outgrowth of science created by blend of technique and theory
prediction
65
continuing association of different organisms
symbiosis
66
biologic consequence of natural selection operating on a vast array of genetically diverse organisms
evolution
67
- they lack cell attributes including ability to replicate virophages
viruses
68
they can infect their own
virophages
69
small, single-stranded, covalently closed circular RNA molecules existing a highly base paired rod-like structures
viroids
70
viruses used it for protection
capsid
71
a degenerative central nervous system disease of sheep
scrapie
72
-proteinaceous and infectious nature
- Kuru, CJD, Grestmann and fatal familial insomia affect humans
Prions
73
this disease are unique in that they manifest as sporadic, genetic, and infectious
human prions
74
- small size, absence of nuclear membrane
- DNA of almost all bacteria is circle with length about 1 mm
Prokaryotes
75
region for cell containing DNA
Nucleoid
76
derived from single cell, physically interconnected
clone
77
cell-cell communication mechanism, regulate transcription of genes
quorum sensing
78
- prokaryotes that established symbiosis within the cell
endosymbiotic
79
lacking of cell wall, nuclei
mycoplasma
80
specialized cell structures that may allow survival in extreme environments
- useful criteria for classification because well-characterized subsets of bacteria from spores
spores
81
classification of prokaryotes
spores, algae, protozoa, fungi, slime molds
82
ameboid cells live and grow by ingesting fungi and bacteria
slime molds
83
programmed cell death
apoptosis
