Chapter 7 and 9

Question 1

The study of what genes are, how
they carry information, how information is
expressed, and how genes are replicated

Answer 1

genetics

Question 2

A segment of DNA that encodes a
functional product, usually a protein

Answer 2

gene

Question 3

Structure containing DNA that
physically carries hereditary information; the
chromosomes contain the genes

Answer 3

chromosome

Question 4

: All the genetic information in a cell

Answer 4

genome

Question 5

The genes of an organism (genetic
makeup)

Answer 5

genotype

Question 6

Expression of the genes (physical
appearance)

Answer 6

phenotype

Question 7

transfer of genes from
parent to offspring (daughter cells)

Answer 7

vertical gene transfer

Question 8

• genes passed between cells of same generation
   Donor transfers part of its genome to
  recipient cell
   Recipient can incorporate (recombine) part
  of donor DNA
   Rare event, occurs in less than 1% of
  population

Answer 8

horizontal gene transfer

Question 9

Recipient that incorporates DNA

Answer 9

recombinant

Question 10

transfer of “naked” DNA

Answer 10

transformation

Question 11

physiological state in which recipient cell can take up DNA via transformation
 ie, Haemophilus can take up DNA only when competent

Answer 11

competence

Question 12

phage mediated DNA transfer

Answer 12

transduction

Question 13

Two types of transduction

Answer 13

generalized and specialized transduction

Question 14

phage mediated transfer of random segments of DNA

Answer 14

generalized transduction

Question 15

phage mediated transfer of specific genes

Answer 15

specialized transduction

Question 16

• are self-replicating circular molecules
  of DNA
   Small, about 1-5% of genome
   Often carry genes that are not essential for
  survival

Answer 16

plasmid

Question 17

carry genes for
plasmid transfer

Answer 17

conjugative plasmids

Question 17

• plasmid dependent DNA transfer
• Requires cell to cell contact

Answer 17

conjugation

Question 18

bacteria stick to the surface

Answer 18

adherence

Question 19

organism with asymptomatic
infection

Answer 19

carrier

Question 20

– multiplication of infectious agent

Answer 20

infection

Question 21

organism enter on a host cell and
spread

Answer 21

invasion

Question 22

microbial flora harbored by a
normal, healthy individual

Answer 22

microbiota

Question 23

microorganism that does not
cause disease

Answer 23

nonpathogen

Question 24

agent capable of causing disease

Answer 24

opportunistic pathogen

Question 25

capable of causing disease

Answer 25

pathogen

Question 26

ability of agent to cause disease

Answer 26

pathogenicity

Question 27

protein toxin activates immune system

Answer 27

superantigens

Question 28

ability to produce toxin

Answer 28

toxigenicity

Question 29

quantitative ability of the agent to cause disease

Answer 29

virulence

Question 30

Present in outer membrane of gram-negative rods

Answer 30

endotoxin

Question 31

Classified by mechanism of action and the impact on host cell

Answer 31

enterotoxin and exotoxin

Question 32

 Are made from exotoxins which are modified so that they are no longer toxic

Answer 32

toxoids

Question 33

toxin produced by C. tetani

Answer 33

tetanospasmin

Question 34

toxin caused by V. cholera

Answer 34

Cholera

Question 35

they are tissue degrading enzymes

Answer 35

 C. perfringens – collagenase  S. aureus – coagulase  Staphylococci, streptococci andanaerobes– hyaluronidases  Streptococci – streptokinase (fibrinolysin) Cytolysins – they dissolve red bloodcells(hemolysins) or kill tissue cellsorleukocytes (leukocidins)

Question 36

they dissolve red blood cells(hemolysins) or kill tissue cells or leukocytes (leukocidins)

Answer 36

cytolysins

Question 37

have Secretion system(SS)1-6 (I-VI)

Answer 37

gram-negative

Question 38

pore forming protein complex, cholera toxin

Answer 38

type 2

Question 39

gen. sec. to export an autotransporter to periplasm

Answer 39

type 5

Question 40

– do not interact with protein

Answer 40

type 1 and 3

Question 41

________ forms tunnel and ______ virulence protein

Answer 41

type 4 and 6

Question 42

can be found in many surfaces on human body and nature  aggregate interactive bacteria attached to a solid surface

Answer 42

bacterial biofilm

Question 43

central venous catheter

Answer 43

 S. epidermis and S. aureus

Question 44

– cystic fibrosis

Answer 44

P. aeruginosa