Chapter 9- Reporting

Question 1

Includes initiation of the infectious process and the mechanisms that
lead to the development of signs and
symptoms of disease.

Answer 1

pathogenesis of bacterial infection

Question 2

Bacteria sticking to host cell surfaces, a
crucial initial step in infection

Answer 2

adherence

Question 3

: Asymptomatic individual capable of
transmitting infection to others.

Answer 3

carrier

Question 4

Multiplication of infectious agents within
the body, excluding normal microbiota.

Answer 4

infection

Question 5

Entry of pathogens into host cells or tissues,
spreading in the body.

Answer 5

invasion

Question 6

Normal microbial flora in healthy
individuals

Answer 6

microbiota

Question 7

Microorganism not causing disease,
possibly part of microbiota.

Answer 7

nonpathogen

Question 8

Causes disease when host
resistance is compromised.

Answer 8

opportunistic pathogen

Question 9

: Microorganism capable of causing disease

Answer 9

pathogen

Question 10

Infectious agent’s ability to cause
disease.

Answer 10

pathogenicity

Question 11

Toxins stimulating massive cytokine
production by T cells

Answer 11

superantigen

Question 12

Microorganism’s ability to produce
toxins contributing to disease.

Answer 12

toxigenicity

Question 13

: Agent’s quantitative ability to cause
disease; involves adherence, persistence, invasion, and toxigenicity.

Answer 13

virulence

Question 14

postulates provide guidelines for
establishing infectious disease causation, though exceptions exist

Answer 14

Robert Koch

Question 15

offers new tools to study
pathogenic bacteria, including molecular cloning for
isolating and modifying virulence genes.

Answer 15

modern microbial genetics

Question 16

amplifies microorganism-specific nucleic acid sequences from
host tissues, aiding identification

Answer 16

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Question 17

adapt to various environments, including
those within and outside hosts, enhancing survival and transmission

Answer 17

bacteria

Question 18

species transmitted through food, and Yersinia pestis via fleas from rodents

Answer 18

salmonella and campylobacter

Question 19

contaminates water sources, while
Mycobacterium tuberculosis spreads through
respiratory aerosols.

Answer 19

vibrio cholerae’s voluminous diarrhea

Question 20

is common for many bacteria,
with nosocomial infections often spread by hospital personnel. Handwashing is vital for infection control.

Answer 20

hand transmission

Question 21

typically enter the body through
mucous membranes or damaged skin, where normal defenses are overcome for infection to occur.

Answer 21

pathogenic bacteria

Question 22

typically begin with bacteria attaching to
host cells, often epithelial cells, establishing a primary site of infection.

Answer 22

infections

Question 23

enables bacteria to disseminate throughout the body and
colonize tissues conducive to their growth

Answer 23

bacteremia

Question 24

For instance, pneumococcal pneumonia
starts when Streptococcus pneumoniae,
commonly found in the ______________ of
healthy individuals, is aspirated into the lungs.

Answer 24

nasopharynx

Question 25

_____________ can enter the bloodstream, causing bacteremia in 10-20% of cases, potentially spreading to secondary sites like cerebrospinal fluid, heart valves, and joints, resulting in complications like meningitis and endocarditis.

Answer 25

Pneumococci

Question 26

are genetic elements in bacterial genomes associated with virulence. They typically have different guanine plus cytosine (G + C) content, are often linked to tRNA genes and mobile genetic elements, and exhibit genetic instability

Answer 26

pathogenicity islands

Question 27

which contribute to urinary tract infections, and Salmonella serotype Typhimurium SPI-1, involved in cell invasion and diarrhea.

Answer 27

E. coli PAI 1536 and II536

Question 28

Regulation of bacterial virulence factors is complex and influenced by environmental signals like

Answer 28

temperature, iron availability, and pH

Question 29

adjusts expression of virulence factors based on temperature, crucial for adapting to the host environment.

Answer 29

yersinia pestis

Question 30

is crucial for bacteria in their environmental niches, although not always in disease pathogenesis.

Answer 30

motility

Question 31

are motile at lower temperatures but lose motility at host temperature, indicating adaptation to different environments.

Answer 31

yersinia enterocolitica and listeria monocytogenes

Question 32

the ability to cause infection and disease.

Answer 32

bacterial virulence

Question 33

is a critical step in the infectious process for many pathogens.

Answer 33

bacterial invasion

Question 34

adhere to and invade host cells by inducing actin polymerization, leading to the formation of pseudopods and subsequent engulfment

Answer 34

shigella species

Question 35

Listeria monocytogenes adheres to and invades intestinal cells, facilitated by proteins called ______________

Answer 35

internalins

Question 36

employs a similar adherence-invasion process

Answer 36

Yersinia enterocolitica

Question 37

induces coiling phagocytosis in pulmonary macrophages.

Answer 37

Legionella pneumophila

Question 38

utilizes pili and opacity-associated proteins (Opa) to adhere to and invade host cells

Answer 38

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 39

which is present in the outer membrane of gram-negative rods

Answer 39

endotoxin

Question 40

produced by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, are medically significant due to their role in various diseases.

Answer 40

exotoxins

Question 41

derived from modified exotoxins, have been pivotal in disease prevention

Answer 41

toxoids

Question 42

aids in host cell adherence and entry

Answer 42

B subunit

Question 43

provides toxicity

Answer 43

A subunit

Question 44

secretes diphtheria toxin, inhibiting protein synthesis by modifying peptide chain elongation factor EF-2

Answer 44

C. diphtheriae

Question 45

produces a highly potent toxin that inhibits acetylcholine release, causing flaccid paralysis

Answer 45

C. botulinum

Question 46

results from various necrotizing toxins damaging cell membranes and tissues.

Answer 46

C. perfringens

Question 47

often associated with diarrheal diseases, are a significant concern due to their impact on public health.

Answer 47

Enterotoxins

Question 48

a cause of cholera, produces an enterotoxin that leads to life-threatening diarrhea through increased adenylate cyclase activity and cAMP concentration in intestinal cells

Answer 48

V. cholerae

Question 49

Gram-negative bacteria release lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as ___________, when they lyse.

Answer 49

endotoxins

Question 50

The pathophysiological effects of LPS include

Answer 50

* Fever * Leukopenia * hypotension, * shock, intravascular coagulation, * organ dysfunction.

Question 51

occurs early, coinciding with fever onset, and is followed by leukocytosis.

Answer 51

LPS-induced leukopenia

Question 52

occurs early in gram-negative bacteremia or after injection of LPS.

Answer 52

Hypotension

Question 53

is a frequent complication of gram-negative bacteremia and can also occur in other infections

Answer 53

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Question 54

the first step of the intrinsic clotting system— and sets into motion the coagulation cascade, which culminates in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

Answer 54

Hageman factor

Question 55

is made up of crosslinked macromolecules that surround the bacterial.

Answer 55

peptidoglycan of gram-positive bacteria

Question 56

produces collagenase, which breaks down collagen and facilitates the spread of infection in tissues

Answer 56

C. perfringens

Question 57

secretes coagulase, which, along with blood factors, induces plasma coagulation, forming fibrin walls around lesions and protecting bacteria from phagocytosis

Answer 57

S. aureus

Question 58

produced by various bacteria, degrade hyaluronic acid, aiding in tissue penetration

Answer 58

Hyaluronidases

Question 59

which activates plasma proteolytic enzymes, promoting fibrin clot dissolution and bacterial spread.

Answer 59

streptokinase

Question 60

is the predominant antibody on mucosal surfaces, existing in two primary forms: IgA1 and IgA2

Answer 60

immunoglobulin A

Question 61

serves as a key virulence factor for these pathogens, enabling them to evade the host's mucosal immune defenses

Answer 61

IgA1 protease

Question 62

is vital for the growth and metabolic processes of most microorganisms, serving as a cofactor in various enzymatic reactions

Answer 62

iron

Question 63

requires iron as an essential virulence factor.

Answer 63

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 64

is widespread and affects numerous organ systems, including the immune system.

Answer 64

Human iron deficiency

Question 65

can impair cell-mediated immunity and reduce polymorphonuclear cell function, predisposing individuals to infections

Answer 65

Iron deficiency

Question 66

m is a cluster of bacteria attached to surfaces or each other, encased in an exopolysaccharide matrix.

Answer 66

biofilm

Question 67

are shielded from the host's immune response by the exopolysaccharide matrix and can resist some antimicrobials due to diffusion barriers.

Answer 67

biofilm bacteria

Question 68

cause disease through the elaboration of factors that facilitate adherence, persistence, invasion, and toxigenicity.

Answer 68

virulent bacteria

Question 69

are rodlike or hairlike structures, respectively, that facilitate attachment to host cells.

Answer 69

Pili and fimbriae

Question 70

is a complex mechanism that involves elaboration of proteins that facilitate entry

Answer 70

invasion of host cells