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BIOL 235 Chapter 1-10 Midterm 1 Review > Chapter 1 BIOL 235 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 BIOL 235 Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

Body structures and relationships among them

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2
Q

Dissection

A

Cutting apart of body structures and to study their relationships

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3
Q

Physiology

A

Body functions

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4
Q

levels of structural organization (6)

A

Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism

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5
Q

Chemical level of organization

A

-Very basic level
-Building blocks of matter
-Includes atoms and molecules

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6
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions (hydrogen, calcium, iron etc)

Consists of nuclei and electrons

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7
Q

Molecules

A

Two or more atoms joined together that share electrons (example is H2O = two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen)

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8
Q

Cellular level

A

Molecules combine to form cells

(smooth muscle, nerve, RBCs, epithelial)
-composed of chemicals

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9
Q

Tissue level

A

Cells combine to form tissues

-group of similar cells and their intracellular substance join together to perform specific function

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10
Q

Four main tissues

A

-Epithelial
-Connective
-Muscular
-Nervous

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11
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers body surface, lines hollow organs/cavities, and forms glands
(skin and passages in body)

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12
Q

Connective tissue

A

Connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues

(Tendons and ligaments such as cartilage, bone, blood, lymph)

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13
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Contracts to make body parts move and generates heat

(Skeletal, cardiac, smooth, muscle)

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14
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses

(Neurons, brain, spinal cord - coordination/controlling body activity, muscle contraction, awareness of environment, emotions, memory, reasoning)

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15
Q

Organ level

A

Different types of tissues joined together, two or more different types of tissues

(Specific functions/recgognizable shapes)

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16
Q

System level (organ-system level)

A

Related organs with common functions (sometimes organ is apart of more than one system)

(Ex: digestive system: mouth, glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder)

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17
Q

Organism level

A

All parts of human body functioning together to constitute an organism

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18
Q

Cells are the___ living units in the human body

A

Smallest

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19
Q

What are the 11 systems in the human body?

A

Skin
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Lymphatic
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

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20
Q

Important life processes

A

Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction

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21
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical processes that occur on the body

Catabolism: breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

Anabolism: building up of complex chemical substances from smaller to simpler components

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22
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

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23
Q

Anabolism

A

Building UP of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components. Ex:digestive processes breakdown proteins in foods into amino acids - amino acids are used to build new proteins that make up structures of muscle and bones

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24
Q

Responsiveness

A

Detect and respond to changes

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25
Movement
Motion of whole body, organs, cells, and tiny structures inside of cell
26
Growth
Increase in body size that results from increase cell size/number of cells or both
27
Differentiation
Development of a cell from unspecialized to specialized state
28
Stem cells
Precursor cells that can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
29
Reproduction
Refers to either: the formation of new cells/tissue growth/repair/replace OR production of new individual
30
Skin system organs/functions
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands (sweat/oil), hair, and nails Regulates body temperature, protects body, eliminating wastes, cell fluid maintenance, synthesis of Vitamin D, and detection of stimuli (pain,temp)
31
Skeletal system organs/functions
Bones, joints, cartilages Supports the body/protects internal organs, provides surface area for muscle attachments, helps with movement, house cells that produce RBCs, stores minerals and lipids It is held together by ligaments and moved at the joints by the muscles, which are attached to it.
32
Muscular system organs/functions
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. (Specifically skeletal muscle tissue) Movement of the body, maintains posture, and produces heat. Cardiac muscle can circulate blood throughout the body
33
Nervous system organs/functions
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs (eyes/ears) Generates action potentials to regulate body activities (controls body functions) detects changes in environment (internal/external), interprets changes, responds to muscular contractions/glandular secretions
34
Endocrine system organs/functions
hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal body, ovaries/testes (hormone producing glands/cells) Releases hormones into the bloodstream which travels to cells in other parts of the body to help control mood, growth, development, organ function, metabolism, and reproduction.
35
Cardiovascular system organs/functions
Heart, blood vessels, and blood Heart pumps blood through vessels which transports nutrients/oxygen to cells and CO2/wastes away from cells. Carries blood to all parts of the body and to carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs. Helps regulate acid base balance, temp, water content of body, blood components that help defend against diseases and repair damaged blood vessels
36
Lymphatic system organs/functions
Bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, tonsils Maintenance of fluid balance, facilitation of the absorption of dietary fats from the gastrointestinal tract to the bloodstream for metabolism or storage, enhancement and facilitation of the immune system (B and T cells)
37
Respiratory system organs/functions
Nose, mouth, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), windpipe (trachea), airways (bronchi) and lungs Transfers, oxygen from inhaled air to blood and CO2 from blood to exhale air, helps regulate acid base balance of body fluids, air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produce sounds
38
Digestive system organs/functions
Hollow organs of GI tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus). AND accessory/solid organs (salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder) Physical and chemical breakdown of foods, absorbing nutrients/eliminating wastes
39
Urinary system organs/ functions
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra Removes waste from your blood in the form of urine, regulates blood volume/pressure, controls the level of chemicals and salts (electrolytes) in your body's cells and blood, acid base balance
40
Reproductive system organs/functions
MALE testes (sperm), penis, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts and urethra. FEMALE ovaries (eggs/oocytes), fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina and vulva To produce egg and sperm cells. To transport and sustain these cells. To nurture the developing offspring. To produce hormones.
41
Feedback system
Cycle of events in which the status of the body condition is Monitored Evaluated Changed Remonitered Reevaluated etc.
42
Three components of feedback system
Receptor: monitors change in controlled condition and send nerve impulses of chemical signals to the control center Control Centre: receives input and provides nerve impulse and chemical signal (evaluates input) and geneeates output commands as needed Effector: receives output from control center (decision) that brings out change or response that alters controlled condition (produces response)
43
Negative feedback system
Reverses change in controlled condition Example: regulation of blood pressure, PH, and hormone regulation to maintain homeostasis
44
Postive feedback system
Strengthen and reinforce a change in one of body’s controlled conditions Example: childbirth, blood clotting, severe blood loss
45
Anatomical position
Descriptions of any region or part of the human body assume that it is in a standard position of reference
46
Prone position
Lying face down
47
Supine
Lying face up
48
Cephalic (head)
Consists of the Cranial (skull) and Facial (face). Protects brain.
49
Cervical
Neck, supports the head and attaches to the trunk
50
Trunk
Consists of thoracic (chest) abdomen, pelvis. Each upper limb attaches to trunk including shoulder, armpit, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, hand. Each lower limb also attaches to the trunk including buttocks, groin, thigh, knee, leg, ankle, foot
51
Directional terms
To locate various body structures Example: anterior and posterior
52
Superior
Toward the head or upper part of a structure Example: heart is superior to the liver
53
Inferior
AWAY from head or lower part of structure Example: stomach is inferior to the lungs
54
Anterior
Front of body/ nearer Example: sternum is anterior to the heart
55
Posterior
Nearer or back of body Example: esophagus is posterior to the trachea
56
Medial
Nearer to midline (left and right sides vertically) Example: ulna is medial to the radius
57
Lateral
Farther from midline Example: lungs are lateral to heart
58
Intermediate
Between two structures Example: transverse colon is intermediate to ascending and descending colons
59
Ipsilateral
Same side of body as another structure Example: gallbladder and assessing colon are Ipsilateral
60
Contralateral
On the opposite side of body from another structure Example: ascending and descending colon
61
Proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk, nearer to the origination of a structure Example: the humerous is proximal to the radius
62
Distal
Further, from the attachment of a limb to the trunk, farther from the origination of a structure Example: the finger bones are distal to wrist bones
63
Superficial
Toward or on the surface of a body Example: ribs are superficial to lungs
64
Deep
Away from surface of body Example: ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back
65
Planes and sections
Imaginary flat surfaces that passed through the body parts
66
Sagittal plane
Vertical plane that divides body on right and left sides
67
Planes
Frontal Transverse Parasagittal Midsagittal (midline) Oblique
68
Body cavities
Spaces that enclose internal organs
69
Cranial cavity/ vertebral canal
Formed by cranial bones and contains brain Formed by vertebral column, and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
70
Thoracic cavity
Chest cavity contains plural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum Pleural: space between layers of pleura surrounding lungs Pericardial: space between layers of pericardium surrounding heart Mediastinum: central portion of thoracic cavity between lungs. Heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, blood vessels
71
Andominopelvic cavity
Abdominal: stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, serious membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum Pelvic: bladder, portions of large intestine, reproductive organs
72
Regions and quadrants
73
The superior part of a human, cephalic to neck. Superior or proximal of a structure
Head
74
The part of the body to which upper and lower libs are attached
Trunk
75
Inferior portion of the abdominal pelvic cavity that contains the urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, rectum, and internal female and male reproductive structures
Pelvic cavity
76
A comma shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of the testes in which sperm undergo maturation
Epididymis
77
A plane that divides the body or organs into left and right portions. Such a plane may be median, in which divisions are equal or parmedian medium in which divisions are unequal
Sagittal plane
78
A soft, jelly like substance that fills the vitreous chamber of the eyeball, lying between the lens and the retina
Vitreous body
79
Small potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura
Pleural cavities
80
A cavity inferior to the diaphragm that is subdivided into a superior, abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
81
An organ of the body, either a muscle or gland, that is innervated by somatic or automatic motor neurons
Effector
82
Quadrants
Divided by midsaggital and transverse line RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ
83
Names of the nine abdominopelvic regions
Right hypochondriac Left hypochondriac Epigastric Right lumbar Left lumbar Umbilical Right inguinal (iliac) Left inguinal (iliac) Hypogastric (pubic)

BIOL 235 Chapter 1-10 Midterm 1 Review (3 decks)

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