Chapter 2 BIOL 235 Flashcards
(189 cards)
1
Q
Matter
A
Anything that occupies space and has mass is called matter
Made up of tiny particles called atoms. Three states of matter: Solid, liquid, and gas
2
Q
Mass
A
Amount of matter in any object which does not change
3
Q
Weight
A
Force of gravity acting on matter which DOES CHANGE
Example: when objects are farther away from earth, the pull of gravity is weaker (person in space)
4
Q
Three states of matter
A
Solid
Liquid
Gas
5
Q
Solid
A
Compact and have definite shape and volume
Example: teeth/bones
6
Q
Liquids
A
Definitive volume volume AND assume the shape of their container
Example: blood plasma
7
Q
Gases
A
No shape or volume
Example: oxygen
8
Q
All forms of matter both ____ and ____ are made up of a limited number of building blocks called____
A
Living
Non-living
Chemical elements
9
Q
Chemical elements is a substance that ___ be split into a simpler substance
A
Cannot
10
Q
How many elements are there recognized by science?
A
118
11
Q
How many elements occur naturally on earth?
A
92
12
Q
Each named element of designated by a
A
Chemical symbol
One or two letters of the elements name in a language (ex: H = hydrogen Ca= calcium and O= oxygen)
13
Q
Major elements
A
4 elements that constitute 96% of total body mass
oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
14
Q
Lesser elements
A
8 elements that make up 3.6% of total body mass
Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
Sodium
Chlorine
Magnesium
Iron
15
Q
Trace elements
A
14 elements that make up 0.4% of total body mass
Aluminum
Boron
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Fluorine
Iodine
Manganese
Molybdenum
Selenium
Silicon
Tin
Vanadium
Zinc
16
Q
Major elements
Lesser elements
Trace elements
A
17
Q
Oxygen 65% TBM
A
65% of total body mass
Part of water and many organic molecules
used to generate ATP, a molecule used by cells to temporarily store chemical energy
18
Q
Carbon 18.5 TBM
A
18.5% of total body mass
Forms, backbone chains and rings of all organic molecules, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)
19
Q
Hydrogen 9.5% TBM
A
9.5% of total body mass
Constitute of water and most organic molecules, ionized form H+ makes body fluids, more acidic
20
Q
Nitrogen 3.2% TBM
A
3.2% of total body mass
Component of all proteins and nucleic acids
21
Q
Is oxygen a major or lesser element?
A
MAJOR
22
Q
Is carbon a major element or lesser element?
A
MAJOR
23
Q
What % of body mass is oxygen?
A
65%
24
Q
What % of carbon is total body mass?
A
18.5%
25
What % of hydrogen is total body mass?
9.5%
26
What % of nitrogen is total body mass?
3.2%
27
Is nitrogen lesser element or major element?
MAJOR
28
Is calcium major element or lesser element?
LESSER
29
What % of total body mass is calcium?
1.5%
30
Is phosphorus lesser element or major element?
LESSER
31
What % is total body mass for potassium?
0.35%
32
What % is total body mass for phosphorus?
1%
33
Calcium
Contributes to hardness of bones and teeth, ionized form Ca2+ needed for blood clotting, release of some hormones, contraction of muscle, and many other process
34
Phosphorus
Component of nucleic acids, and ATP, required for normal bone and tooth structure
35
Potassium
Ionized form K plus is the most plentiful cation (positive charged) in ICF needs to generate potential actions
36
Atoms
Smallest units of matter that retain properties and characteristics of element
37
What are the smallest atoms?
Hydrogen atoms
38
Subatomitc particles (3 most important)
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
39
Nucleus
Dense central core of an atom
40
Within the nucleus there are positively charged ___ and uncharged ___. The negativity charged ___ move in large space surrounding the nucleus
PROTONS
NEUTRONS
ELECTRONS
41
Electron shells
Simple circles around the nucleus
First one (nearest to the nucleus) NEVER holds more than 2 electrons
Second one holds maximum of 8 electrons
42
Number of electrons in an atoms always equals
Number of protons
43
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is an atoms
Atomic number
44
The ______ of an atom is the sum of its protons and neutrons
Mass number
Ex: Na has 11 protons and 12 neutrons which make mass number 23
45
Atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons and different mass numbers
Isotopes
46
Number of electrons of an atom determines its
Chemical properties
47
Radioactive isotopes
Unstable and emit radiation
Either subatomic particles or packets of energy and transform into different element
48
Number of protons on an atom
ATOMIC NUMBER
49
Number of protons AND neurons in an atom
MASS NUMBER
50
Average mass of all STABLE atoms of a given element
ATOMIC MASS
51
Atomic structures and stable atoms
52
Chemistry is the science of ___ and interactions of ___
Structure
Matter
53
All forms of matter are composed into
Chemical elements
54
Atoms consist of nucleus which contains ____ and ___ plus ___ that move in regions called electron shells
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
55
An atoms that gives up or gains electrons becomes
An ion
56
Negatively charged ions are called
Anions
57
Half life
Time for half of radioactive atoms in sample of isotope to decay into a more stable form
58
Dalton (atomic mass unit)
Standard unit for measuring mass of atoms and subatomic particles
59
Compound
Substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements
60
Free radical
Atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell
Can make free radical unstable, highly reactive mix and destructive to nearby molecules
61
Examples of compounds
Water (H2O) and sodium chloride (NACI)
62
Ion is an atom that has ___ and ___ charge because it has unequal number of protons and electrons
Positive
Negative
63
Process of giving up or gaining electrons
Ionization
64
When two or more atoms share electrons, the resulting combination is called
Molecule
65
Molecule may consist of two ___ of the same kind, such as oxygen molecule
Atoms
66
Forces that hold together atoms of a molecule or compound
Chemical bonds
Depends on number of electrons in its outer shell
67
Electrons in outermost shell of an atom
Valence shell
68
How valence electrons form chemical bonds
By interacting with the valence electrons of other atoms. When atoms come close together, their valence electrons can be shared, transferred, or attracted to form stable chemical bonds. This allows atoms to achieve a full outer electron shell, making them more stable.
69
How many trace elements make up total body mass?
14
70
Electrons move about the nucleus which contains
Protons and neutrons
71
In the electron cloud model, shading represents chance of finding an electron in regions ___ the ____
Outside
Nucleus
72
In the electron shell model, filled circles represent individual electrons, which are grouped into concentric circles according to
The shells they occupy
73
Both the electron cloud model and electron shell model has a carbon atom with six protons, six neutrons, and six electrons
74
Chemical bonds
Connections between atoms that hold them together to form molecules and compounds
“Glue” that holds atoms together in a molecule
75
Valence shell
Outermost shell/energy level of an atom, where electrons are involved in chemical reactions
76
Which of the following statements about valence shells are incorrect?
77
Which of the following would have an unpaired electron in its outer shell?
Free radical
78
Which of the following would allow easy determination of the number of shared electrons in a molecule?
Structural formula
79
In a chemical reaction, the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products
True
80
A stick of dynamite would be an example of what type of energy?
Potential energy
81
A catalyst would lower the activation energy of a reaction
True
82
The synthesis reactions that take place in the body are referred to as ____reactions while the decomposition reactions are referred to as ____reactions
Anabolic
Catabolic
83
Oxidation reduction reactions are important to life because they break down food molecules to produce energy
True
84
Inorganic and organic compounds differ in that
Inorganic compounds lack carbon
85
The concentration of a solution may be expressed as percentage or by moles per liter, which expresses the total number of molecules in a litre of solution
True
86
Water is important in the body because
87
Bio carbonate ions regulate the concentration of hydrogen ions in the body by removing excess hydrogen ions or by adding hydrogen ions
True
88
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures are called
Isomers
89
Carbs are classified based on
Size
90
Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis both involve water molecules
True
91
Can, protect and insulate, serve as building blocks for hormones, provide and store, energy, and provide cell membrane components
Lipids
92
ATP synthase
Catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
93
If an atom either gives up or gains electrons, it becomes a
Ion
94
Ionization
Giving up or gaining electrons
95
Two or more atoms sharing electrons is called
Molecule
96
Isotopes
Atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers
Stable
Structure does not change over time
97
Difference between isotopes and radioactive isotopes
Isotopes are stable, and radioactive isotopes are unstable
98
Half-life of an isotope is the time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample of the isotope to
Decay into more stable form
99
Measuring the mass of atoms and their subatomic particles
Dalton
100
Ionic bond
The force of attraction that holds together ions with opposite charges (+-) is
101
Cations and anions
Cations are ions that are positively charged. Anions are ions that are negatively charged. Ions are charged atoms or molecules. If a balanced atom loses one or more electrons, it will become a positively charged cation. If a balanced atom gains one or more electrons, it will become a negatively charged anion
102
Electrolyte
Ionic compound that breaks apart into positive and negative ions
103
Common ions in the body
104
Covalent bond
2 or more atoms SHARE electrons
Does NOT gain or loose them
105
Valence electrons
OUTTERMOST SHELL of atom
106
The larger the number of electron pairs shared between two atoms, the stronger, the
Covalent bond
107
Single covalent bond
2 atoms share ONE ELECTRON PAIR
108
What is the main difference between an ionic bond and covalent bond?
The way that the atoms share their electrons
Iionic bond= one atom donates an electron to another atom, which results in the formation of ions with opposite charges that are attracted to each other. This type of bond typically forms between atoms with significantly different electronegativities.
covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons between two atoms, which can be either equal or unequal. In a covalent bond, the electrons are shared in such a way that each atom has a stable electron configuration. This type of bond typically forms between atoms with similar electronegativities.
109
Double covalent bond
2 atoms share 2 pairs electrons
110
Triple covalent bond
2 atoms share 3 electrons
111
Surface tension
A measure of the difficulty of stretching, or breaking the surface of a liquid
112
Hydrogen bond
Forms when hydrogen atom with + partial charge attracts atom with - partial charge
Attraction of opposite charged parts of molecule
113
Chemical reaction
New bonds form or old bond, brakes between atoms, the foundation of all life processes, and as we’ve seen the interaction of valence electrons are the basis of chemical reactions
114
Exergonic reaction
Release more energy than they absorb
115
Endergonic reaction
Absorb more energy than they release
116
Energy released from an exergonic reaction often is used to drive a
Enderogonic one
117
Activation energy
Collision energy needed to break chemical bonds of the reactants
This starts a reaction
118
Catalysts ___ up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy
Speed
119
Concentration
The more particles of matter present in a confined space, the greater the chance that they will collide
120
Temperature
121
The most important catalyst in the body are
Enzymes
122
Catalyst
Chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur
123
Oxidation
Loss of electrons /releases energy
124
Reduction
Gain of electrons / GAINS energy
125
Oxidation reduction reactions
Break down food molecules to produce energy
126
How many hydrogen bonds are formed between the bases cytosine and guanine?
THREE
nitrogenous bases pain together through hydrogen bonds
127
Which monosaccharide is found in DNA?
Deoxyribose
Building block of DNA, the molecule that carries inherited genetic info
128
The mass number of an atom is determined by
Proton and neutron number
129
When two atoms share two pairs of electrons a ____ is formed
Double covalent bond
130
During ____ reactions do not require oxygen
Anaerobic
131
Catalysts ___ the energy of activation
Lower
132
Truth about PH scales
Any PH above 7 is basic, below is acidic
Scale ranges from 0-14
PH of 7 has equal concentrations of H+ and OH-
133
One characteristic shared by all organic molecules is
All have carbon skeletons
134
If atom has 19 protons and a mass number of 39, how many neutrons does element have
39-19= 20
Mass number subtracted by protons
135
If an atom has 11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 11 electrons what’s the mass number?
11+12= 23
(Add protons and neutrons together for mass number)
136
Correct ions of sodium and chlorine
Na+, Cl -
137
If the valence shell, in this case, the second shell, of an atom has 2 electrons, then how many more electrons does it need to be stable?
6
Valence shell can hold max of 8 electrons, since 2 are already there is would need 6 more to be stable
138
Hydrogen one valence electron makes one bind with other atoms
True
139
Neon does not participate in bond formation with other atoms. This is because it has ___electrons in its outer shell
8
This means its full and stable already
140
ATP -> ADP + P what kind of reaction is this?
Exerogonic, it releases energy one phosphate group is removed from ATP to form ADP
141
In the reaction 2H2 +O2 -> 2H2O, water is considered this
Product
142
What is NOT true about enzymes?
Raised the amount of energy required to start a reaction
143
Exerogonic reactions
Release energy, are coupled to endogenic reactions, or catabolic
144
If the pH of a solution is decreased from 4 to 3
The concentration of hydrogen ions has increased 10 times
145
If chlorine has an atomic mass of 35 and a hydrogen has atomic mass of one, then one mole of HCI would be
36g
Amol has amount of any substance that a mass in grams equal to the sum of the atomic masses of all of its atoms. If chlorine has an atomic mass of 35 and a hydrogen has an atomic mass of one, then one mole of HCI would be 36 g.
146
An unsaturated fatty acid must contain at least __ double bonds
1
147
Which is the only functional group of organic molecules that contain nitrogen
Amino
148
A hydroxyl group is found
In alcohols
149
A hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl group attached is
Fatty acid
150
Which type of lipid is used to produce triglycerides and phospholipids
Fatty acids
151
Fatty acids consist of
Carboxyl group and hydrocarbon chain
Can also be catabolized to produce ATP
152
Fatty acids with a single covalent bond between carbons are called
Saturated
153
Which type of lipid is responsible for digestion
Steroids
154
Types of lipids in the body
155
Which type of lipid provides insulation and long-term energy energy storage
Triglycerides
156
Which of the following could be produced by combining one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules
Fat
157
Lipoproteins
Transport lipids in the blood, carry triglycerides and cholesterol to tissue, and remove excess cholesterol from blood
158
Vitamin K
Required for synthesis of blood clotting proteins
159
Vitamin E
Promotes wound, healing, prevents tissue, scarring, contributes to normal structure and function of nervous system, and function as an antioxidant
160
Carotenes
Needed for synthesis of vitamin A (used to make visual pigments in eye) function as antioxidants
161
Eiconsanoids (prostaglandins/leukotrienes)
Have diverse effects on modifying responses to hormones, blood, clotting, inflammation, immunity, summit acid, secretion, airway, diameter, lipid breakdown, and smooth muscle contraction
162
Steroids
Cholesterol
Bile salts
Vit D
Sex hormones
Adrenocortical hormones
163
Cholesterol (steroid)
Minor component of all animal cell membranes, persecutor of bile salts, vitamin D, and steroid hormones
164
Bile salts (steriod)
Needed for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids
165
Vit D (steroid)
Helps regulate calcium level in the body, needed for bone growth and repair
166
Adrenocortical hormones (steroid)
Helps regulate metabolism, resistance to stress, and saltwater balance
167
Sex hormones (steroids)
Stimulate reproductive functions and sexual characteristics
168
Phospholipids
Major, lipid component of cell membranes
169
Triglycerides (fats and oils)
Protection, insulation, energy storage
170
Fatty acids
Synthesizes, triglycerides, phospholipids, or catabolized to generate ATP
171
What’s ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
172
Fatty acids with double bonds are called
Unsaturated
173
How many carbon atoms does sucrose have
12
174
Storage form of carbs in plants is____ whereas in animals, it is___
Starch, glycogen
175
Which type of lipid is persecutor in steroid hormones
Cholesterol
176
Triglycerides are composed of____ molecules, and a molecule of___
Three fatty acids, glycerol
177
An enzyme lipase would break down which of the following
Triglycerides
178
The shape of protein is
Maintained by hydrogen bonds, determined by the primary structure, directly related to function
179
In DNA, adenine always pairs with
Thymine
180
Enzyme required to catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP is
ATPase
181
What of the following are double ringed purines?
Adenine and guanine
182
All of the following react to form ATP in a muscle cell
Energy, phosphate, group, ADP
183
Potential energy
Energy stored by matter due to its position
184
Kinetic energy
Energy associated with matter in motion
185
Form of potential energy that is stored in the bonds of compounds and molecules
Chemical energy
186
Conversion of energy from one form to another, generally releases___ which which is used to maintain normal body temperature
Heat
187
Exergonic
GIVE AWAY MORE ENERGY
188
Endergonic
TAKE IN MORE ENERGY
189
Activation energy
Collision energy needed to break chemical bonds for reactants
