Chapter 1 ; Challenging authority and feudalism Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
What was Medieval society built on?
A
feudal system
2
Q
Where was the king in the feudal system?
A
at the top
3
Q
What was a medieval king meant to do?
A
defend people
lead army
peaceful country
deal with rebellions
relationship with Pope
4
Q
Who did the Pope want the Archbishop of Canterbury to be?
A
Stephen Langton
5
Q
Who did King John want the Archbishop of Canterbury to be?
A
someone he could control
6
Q
What did the Pope ban?
A
Church services
- marriages
- funerals
7
Q
How did the Barons feel after the Pope excommunicated King John and banned church services?
A
unhappy
thought they would go to hell
8
Q
What were nicknames for King John?
A
lackland
softsword
9
Q
Where did King John lose land?
A
France
10
Q
Where did King John lose the crown jewels?
A
Wash
marshland
11
Q
How did the Barons feel after King John lost the crown jewels?
A
questioned his competence
12
Q
Why did the breakdown of the Church threaten the Barons?
A
people revolt
- invasion from foreign king
13
Q
What caused the Magna Carta?
A
Barons unhappy
- scutage
- lost land in France
- ignored Great Council
- church services banned
14
Q
What was scutage?
A
tax for barons who did not fight for King John when asked
15
Q
When did King John meet with the Barons?
A
12 June 1215
16
Q
Where did King John meet with the Barons?
A
Runnymede
17
Q
Who led the army of Barons?
A
Robert Fitzwalter
18
Q
What did the Magna Carta propose?
A
63 promises to establish relationship between King and people
19
Q
Give some clauses of Magna Carta
A
- baron’s heir inherits land
- 25 barons monitor king
- merchants gained rights
- no scutage imposed on barons in counsel of realm
- English church free to make own appointments
20
Q
When did the Pope declare the Magna Carta was invalid?
A
August 1215
21
Q
What was caused by the Pope declaring the Magna Carta was invalid?
A
First Barons War
22
Q
Who supported the Barons in the first Barons’ War?
A
French
23
Q
Where did the Barons occupy during the First Barons War?
A
Rochester castle
24
Q
When did the Barons occupy Rochester castle?
A
October 1215
25
How many siege engines did King John's army have?
5 siege engines
- catapults
- trebuchets
26
What did King John's army struggle to do?
break 3.6 m walls of Rochester castle
27
When did King John order pickaxes?
25 November
28
How many fat pigs did King John order?
40 fat pigs
29
What did King John order his troops to do?
dig under castle
burn wooden props down using pig fat
30
What did Barons promise to Prince Louis of France?
English throne
31
When did Prince Louis arrive with troops?
May 1216
32
When did King John die?
October 1216
33
What did Barons realise after King John's death?
they did not want a French king
34
Who became King after King John?
King Henry III
35
When was Prince Louis announced King of England?
2nd June 1216
36
How did the Scottish King respond to Prince Louis?
swore allegiance
37
What were the short term consequences of Magna Carta?
- King John went back on his word meaning no immediate impact
- peasants and villeins not free
- only politically powerful and merchants benefitted
38
Who benefitted from the Magna Carta?
politically powerful and merchants
39
Who did not benefit from Magna Carta?
peasants and villeins
40
What were the long term consequences of Magna Carta?
- laws for King to follow
- people eventually gained freedom
- kings after signed Magna Carta
- becoming democracy
41
What was the significance of the Magna Carta at the time?
- first time king agreed to legal limit on power
- made king subject to law
- reinforced right to free/fair trial
42
What was the significance of the Magna Carta in the long term?
- applied to great proportion as more free
- referred to in defence of human rights and free/fair trial
- US constitution
43
What caused tension between Henry III and the Barons?
religion
politics
taxes
war
personal disagreements
44
Who did Henry III give jobs in English Church to?
Italian clergymen
45
What type of King was Henry III?
pious king
46
What did Barons dislike about Henry III's religion?
disliked subservience to Pope
47
Why did links to Rome create problems?
financial commitments
- remove Sicilian royal family and replace with Pope's son
48
What did Pope Alexander IV threaten?
excommunicate Henry III if he failed to pay
49
What did Henry III fail to do?
consult Barons
- ignored Magna Carta
50
Why did Italian clergymen anger Barons?
stopped Englishmen being promoted
51
Why did Henry III have close ties to France?
House of Lusagne due to marriage
52
Who was Henry III French tutor?
Peter de Roches
53
Who did Henry III replace Simon de Montfort with?
his son Edward
- felt betrayed
- bitter at perceived fall from grace
54
Why were Barons alarmed by Henry III's link to France?
disliked French
- felt Britain coming under foreign rule
55
Who did Henry III listen to?
few advisors
56
What did Henry III attempt to win back?
land lost by father in France
57
How successful was Henry III in attempting to win land back in France?
took army to Brittany and Gascony in 1230 but returned defeated
- wasted money
58
When did relationship between Barons and Henry III begin to deteriorate?
1254
- Barons angered by money for Pope's war in Sicily
59
Who became Holy Roman Emperor and what did this mean for Britain?
Henry's brother Richard
- Henry would foot bill for Sicilian war
- increased taxes for Barons
60
When did Simon de Montfort call a Great Council Meeting?
1258 Great Council meeting called
61
How did the Provisions of Oxford benefit barons?
- make decisions without King's approval
- 15 Barons in charge of Great Council
- refused funding for Sicilian wars
62
How did the Provisions of Oxford change the Great Council?
15 Barons in charge
- elected by 24 men
- 12 from Barons and 12 from King
63
How did the Provisions of Oxford change Britain?
- foreign members of royal household banished
- castles held by Englishmen
- taxes decided locally
- counties have Sheriffs
64
How did the Provisions of Oxford change the King's power?
could not make decisions without approval of Barons
65
When were the Provisions of Oxford extended?
1259
- Provisions of Westminster
66
What were the Provisions of Westminster?
- reformed local government
- gave power to less wealthy
67
How did older barons feel about the Provisions of Westminster?
angry
- reforms getting in way of local interests
68
How did younger barons feel about the Provisions of Westminster?
angry
- not elected so lost influence
69
How did Henry III return to power?
- Barons were divided
- Pope cancelled Provisions of Oxford
- Simon left to France
70
When did the Pope cancel the Provisions of Oxford?
1261
71
What caused Simon de Montfort to leave to France?
Pope cancelling Provisions of Oxford
72
When did the Second Barons' War begin?
1264
73
When was Simon de Montfort sent for?
Second Barons' War
74
When was the Battle of Lewes?
1264
75
What happened at Battle of Lewes?
- King captured
- Simon de Montfort in charge
76
What did Simon de Montfort do whilst in charge?
- council of nine friends and allies
- reconfirmed MC and PoO
- called Great Council meeting
77
Who did Simon invite to Great Council meeting?
invited burgesses and knights
- developed democracy in England
78
When was the Battle of Evesham?
1265
79
What caused the Battle of Evesham?
Barons worried Simon too powerful
- did not support new Great Council
- wanted old lives of influence and money
- concerns of autocrat
80
What happened at Battle of Evesham?
Simon fell from horse
- body cut up
- parts sent around country
81
What were the short term consequences of Simon de Montfort?
Henry III never called Great Council in his reign til 1272
82
What were the medium term consequences Simon de Montfort?
King's power challenged in 1649 in English Civil War
83
What were the long term consequences of Simon de Montfort?
Chartists working class suffrage
Women's suffrage
84
What was the significance of Simon de Montfort at the time?
Provisions of Oxford
- removed foreign influence
- King agreed to MC
- became ruler of England
- challenged royal authority
85
How did Provisions of Oxford challenge royal authority?
Barons make decisions w/o
King make decisions with
86
What was the significance of Simon de Montfort in the long term?
- representatives of the commons
- Henry III and Edward summoned Commons to gain consent for tax
87
What was Simon de Montfort's motivation?
personal
- not for good of people
88
Why did Simon de Montfort feel humiliated by Henry III?
put on trial for misrule in Gascony
89
How did Simon de Montfort take advantage of people?
- quick to seize his share when royal favourites lost land
- advanced his own wishes by using Commons when he fell out with Barons
90
What were the economic causes of the Peasants' Revolt?
- poll tax
- Black Death
91
What were the political causes of the Peasants' Revolt?
- local lords worried by peasants power growing
- Statute of Labourers
- peasants wanted reform for influence of landowners
92
What were religious causes of the Peasants' Revolt?
- priests exploiting peasants through pardons
- John Ball
93
What were the social causes of the Peasants' Revolt?
- Black Death
- move village to village
- break Statute of Labourers
- forced back to work and taxes after Hundred Year War
94
When was the Statute of Labourers passed?
1351
95
Who passed the Statue of Labourers in 1351?
Edward III
96
How did the Statute of Labourers cause the Peasant' Revolt?
forced to work for pre-Black Death wages
97
How did the Black Death cause the Peasants' Revolt?
killed peasant workforce
- survivors demanded higher pay
98
How did the Poll Tax cause the Peasants' Revolt?
4 groats for everyone over 15
99
How many people brought before JPs between 1377 and 1379 had been accused of breaking Statute of Labourers?
70% of people brought in front accused of breaking Statute of Labourers
100
How did Church use pardons to exploit peasants?
pay for sins to be forgiven
- prevented social mobility
101
How did Hundred Year War cause Peasants' Revolt?
poll tax introduced
- conflict far away
- unsuccessful
- no benefit for peasants
102
Give examples of people who preached to peasants about pardons being exploitative
John Ball
John Wyclif
103
When was the Peasants' Revolt?
1381
104
What was the Peasants' Revolt?
first uprising against royal power involving commoners
105
Why is Poll Tax main cause for Peasants' Revolt?
refusing to pay poll tax was catalyst reason
106
When did Black Death arrive in England?
1348
107
What happened on the 30 May 1381?
peasants refused to pay poll tax and threatened to kill tax collector
108
Where did peasants refuse to pay poll tax?
Kent and Essex
109
What happened on 2 June 1381?
Chief Justice comes to collect poll tax but is threatened
- clerks beheaded
- houses of tax collectors set alight
110
What happened on 7 June 1381?
peasants reach Maidstone
free John Ball
make Wat Tyler their leader
burn tax records
111
What did peasants do during their march to London?
killed Archbishop of Canterbury
112
When did peasants reach London city walls?
12 June 1381
113
When does Wat Tyler meet the King?
14 June 1381
114
What happens on 15 June 1381?
king meets peasants and agrees to demands
Wat Tyler killed by King's men
115
What were the demands of the peasants?
- villeins to be made freemen
- change of system of law
- church lands given to people
- all bishops except one remove
116
What happened following the Peasants' Revolt?
Richard went back on his word
rebel leaders rounded up
John Ball and Wat Tyler heads on spikes on London Bridge
117
What was the short term significance of the Peasants' Revolt?
- first time commoners rebelled against royal power
- nobles and king scared
118
How did the Peasants' Revolt fail in the short term?
Wat Tyler and John Ball killed
Richard went back on word
119
What were the long term significances of the Peasants' Revolt?
- poll tax never repeated
- all villeins free 1450
- workers wages rose
- peasants buy own land
- poll tax riots 1989 followed same route
120
When were all villiens free by?
1450
121
Who were inspired by John Ball?
Levellers 17th
Socialists 19th
Poll tax 1989
