Chapter 3 ; Reform and reformers Flashcards
(319 cards)
1
Q
What was Britain’s electoral system like in the early eighteenth century?
A
- rotten boroughs
- potwalloper boroughs
- no secret ballot
- no suffrage for women
- workers in cities lacked representation
2
Q
Why was Britain unsettled in 1820s?
A
- new wealth
- old government system
- new ways of working
- new ideas
3
Q
How did new wealth make Britain unsettled in 1820s?
A
- middle class forming
- removing traditional hierarchy
- ignored by parliament
4
Q
How did new ideas make Britain unsettled in 1820s?
A
- French Revolution 1789
- Thomas Payne published ‘Rights of Man’ 1791
5
Q
How did old government system make Britain unsettled in 1820s?
A
- southern bias
- rotten/potwalloper boroughs
- country had changed a lot
6
Q
How did new ways of working make Britain unsettled in 1820s?
A
men, women, children worked long hours in poor conditions
- poor housing conditions also
7
Q
Why did rotten boroughs affect government in Britain?
A
areas where no one lived but MPs still represented
8
Q
Give an example of a rotten borough
A
mound of grass called Old Sarum had 2 MPs representing it in Parliament
9
Q
Why did potwalloper boroughs affect government in Britian?
A
prevented poor from having suffrage and complicated suffrage
10
Q
Why did no secret ballot affect government in Britain?
A
not true representation
- bribery
- sacked if they voted ‘wrong’
- corruption
11
Q
Why did pocket boroughs affect government in Britian?
A
rich controlled areas who did not represent needs of everyone
12
Q
Why did no suffrage for women affect government?
A
large section of society not represented
13
Q
How often were elections in the early 1800s?
A
every 7 yearrs
14
Q
How did John Cartwright attempt to change electoral system in Britain?
A
argued in favour of electoral reform in ‘Take Your Choice!’ pamphlet
- toured country for 30 years demanding reform
15
Q
When did Lord Stormont argue there was no need to change British constitution?
A
1780
16
Q
When was Reform Bill passed in Britain?
A
1809
17
Q
What did the Reform Bill of 1809 demand?
A
equal electoral districts
annual parliaments
vote for all tax payers
18
Q
What happened to Reform Bill of 1809?
A
defeated by 79 votes to 15
19
Q
When was the Peterloo Massacre?
A
16th August 1819
20
Q
How many workers were gathered at St Peter’s Fields?
A
60,000 workers gathered
21
Q
Why had workers gathered at St Peter’s Fields in Manchester?
A
hear Henry Hunt speak about reform of parliament
22
Q
How did local magistrate respond to gathering of people at St Peter’s Fields?
A
saw Revolution stirring
- signed warrant for Hunt’s arrest
- sent militia
23
Q
How did army respond to gathering of workers at St Peter’s Fields?
A
killed 15 people
injured 600 people
within 10 minutes
24
Q
How did Parliament respond to Peterloo Massacre?
A
Six Acts passed
25
What did the Six Acts do that were introduced following Peterloo Massacre?
limited public meetings to less than 50 people
restricted journalism
26
What did Six Acts label meeting of over 50 people as?
meeting of over 50 people for radical reform was act of treason
27
When did Thomas Attwood form Birmingham Political Union of Lower and Middle Classes of People?
1829
28
What did the Birmingham Political Union of Lower and Middle Classes of People do?
sent petition of 8000 people for parliamentary reform
29
What did the Birmingham Political Union want?
shorter parliaments
end property qualifications
all tax payers have vote
30
When was the Great Reform Act passed?
1832
31
How was the Great Reform Act passed?
- whigs and William IV came to power (both open to reform)
- tory lords scared to lose power so passed it
32
Why did the Tory lords eventually agree to pass Great Reform Act?
- failed three times
- Earl Grey asked King to appoint more sympathetic lords
- Tories scared they would lose power
33
How much did Great Reform Act increase number of men who could vote?
doubled number of men who could vote
34
Which cities got MPs for first time after Great Reform Act?
Manchester and Leeds got MPs for first time
35
How many small location lost right to elect MP in Great Reform Act?
56 small locations
36
How many small towns lost one MP in Great Reform Act?
30 small towns lost one MP in Great Reform Act
37
Give an example of a place that gained more MPs in Great Reform Act
London
38
Who got the chance to vote in Great Reform Act?
people who earned over £150 per year
39
How many people could vote before Great Reform Act?
435,000 people
40
How many people could vote after Great Reform Act?
642,000 people
41
Why was the Great Reform Act ineffective?
- voters had to own property
- workers could not vote
- voters had to be men
- public ballot remained
- fear and bribery used
42
Why was the Great Reform Act successful?
- first big change in system
- gave more men vote
- manufacturing towns got MPs
43
Why was the Great Reform Act unsuccessful?
- only middle class men
- MPs drawn from rich
- working class man no vote
44
What did the Great Reform Act do?
- created new constituencies
- provided vote to landowners, farmers, shopkeepers and householders
45
Who was Henry Hunt?
Orator who made speeches for working class political reform
- imprisoned for 2 years following Peterloo Massacre
46
Who was Lord Grey?
Whig MP and Prime Minister
- passed Great Reform Act
47
Who were the Chartists?
demanded radical reform of parliament
48
Who was Fergus O'Connor?
toured country speaking for universal suffrage
leading chartist
published Northern Star
49
Why did working class people develop Chartism?
could not vote if they did not own a property over £10
50
What were the economic causes of chartism?
- skilled workers no longer needed as machines introduced
- Poor Law of 1834
51
How did the Poor Law of 1834 lead to chartism?
people with financial problems sent to workhouse
52
What were the social causes of chartism?
- new towns and cities had poor working conditions
- bad harvests in 1830s meant families went hungry
53
What were the political causes of chartism?
- working class could not vote
- no secret ballot
54
What were the short term consequences of the Great Reform Act?
- middle class got vote
- middle class represented
- rotten boroughs removed
- 2/10 men could vote
55
What were the long term consequences of the Great Reform Act?
- reduced power of king and landowners
- middle class had more influence
- showed change was possible
- no secret ballot til 1872
56
What happened following the Great Reform Act?
decline in voters
- unsure why?
57
How many men were replaced by a single machine?
10 men replaced by one machine
58
How did Government attempt to resolve problems in 1830s?
Poor Law of 1834
59
When was the Chartist movement created?
1836 by William Lovett
60
What did William Lovett create in 1836?
London Working Men's Association
61
Who joined the Chartist movement?
Thomas Attwood and BPU
62
When and where was the national Chartist convention held?
Birmingham in 1839
63
How many aims did the People's Charter have?
6 main aims
64
What were the 6 aims of the People's Charter?
- votes for all men
- wages for MPs
- yearly election
- secret ballot
- no property qualifications
- equal sized constituencies
65
Give an example of a mass Chartist protest
Glasglow
66
Give an example of a Chartist newspaper
Northern Star
67
What years did Chartists send petitions to Parliament?
1839
1842
1848
68
When was the People's charter sent to government?
1839
69
How did government feel about chartists?
worried
70
How did Government respond to Chartists?
- rejected petitions
- put up posters asking not to attend meetings
- arrested Chartists
- transported Chartists to Australia
71
When was the Newport Rising?
1839
72
What happened at the Newport Rising?
20 Chartists shot dead by soldiers
73
How many Chartists had met in Newport and what had been their intention?
5000 marchers intended to free Chartist prisoners from custody
74
How many chartists were transported to Australia?
102 chartists transported to Australia
75
What caused the Newport uprising?
- unemployment higher than national average
- starving population
76
Why did Chartists use temeprance?
zero tolerance of alcohol
- parliament would take more seriously if they were sober
77
How did Chartists respond to People's Charter being rejected?
- peaceful campaigns not enough
- Newport Uprising
78
Which newspaper did William Lovett edit?
The Chartist
79
What actions did William Lovett take?
- first petition 1839
- second petition 1842
- encouraged temperance
80
Who used moral force?
William Lovett
81
Who used physical fore?
Feargus O'Connor
82
What actions did Feargus O'Connor take?
- violence after rejection of second petition
- encouraged plug plot
- called for general strike
- third petition 1848
- Northern Star
83
Which newspaper did Feargus O'Connor establish?
Northern Star
84
What was the plug plot that Feargus O'Connor encouraged?
damage to machinery
85
How were Chartists linked to land reform?
- everyone entitled to land
- O'Connorville ; failed ; poorly farmed
86
What happened on 10th April 1848?
O'Connor met with 50,000 supporters on Kennington Common in London
87
How man constables had prepared on the 10th April 1848?
85,000 constables
- prevented access
88
Why did the government see the third petition as a farce?
said to have had 5 million signatures
- only 2 million
- Queen Victoria forged
89
Why did Chartists fail in the short term?
- strong parliamentary opposition
- standard of living increased in 1850s
- alternative working class movements grew
- divided leadership
- lacked on clear message
90
How many of Chartists' aims had been met by 1850?
none
91
What happened in 1867?
more men given vote
92
What happened in 1872?
secret ballot introduced
93
When were votes for all men introduced?
1918
94
When were equal sized constituencies introduced?
1884
95
When were wages for MPs introduced?
1911
96
When were property qualifications removed?
1918 for men
97
When were yearly elections introduced?
never...
98
What were the consequences of the Six Acts?
suppressed people's rights but increased opposition to government
99
What were the consequences of the Great Reform Act?
increased political and economic agitation
100
How many of chartists' aims were met by second half of century?
5/6 aims met
- movement towards democracy
101
What is the significance of the Chartist movement?5
first modern political party in aims, organisations and methods
102
What caused the Abolitions movement?
- abolitionists
- French revolution
- slave resistance
- Christian faith
- decline in economic profits
- womens antislavery societies
- 'white slaves'
103
When did the issue of slavery dominate Britian?
1783 to 1833
104
Why did some people support slavery?
- money made from plantations
- white man's burden
- government pay compensation to owners
105
Who was William Wilberforce and what did he do?
motivated by Christian faith, spoke to parliament
created Anti Slavery Society
106
When did William Wilberforce present a petition for abolition of slavery to government?
1797
107
Who was Olaudah Equiano and what did he do?
formerly enslaved but bought his own freedom
- wrote a book which won support for campaign
108
What was the name Olaudah Equiano's book?
The Interesting narrative of the life of Olaudah Equiano
109
Who was Thomas Clarkson and what did he do?
collected information and produced drawings and pamphlets about conditions on board slave ships
110
Who was Granville Sharp and what did he do?
- supported cases of enslaved people in Britain
- brought public attention to Zong
- won Johnathan Strong's case for freedom
111
How did economic factors cause abolition of slavery?
less profit
- cheaper imports from Brazil and Cuba
112
What did Josiah Wedgewood do?
made badge for supporters to wear
113
What did Hannah More do?
wrote poetry for movement
114
How many antislavery women's societies were there in 1833?
73 organisations
115
When did the Maroon slaves escape plantation in Jamaica?
1655
- lived in mountains and celebrated native African culture
116
What inspired the rebel slaves of St Dominique?
French Revolution
117
How did enslaved people rebel on St Dominique?
killed white plantation owners
burnt sugar crops
118
When was slavery abolished on St Dominique?
1804
119
What happened to St Dominique after the rebellion and action of Toussant L'Ouverture?
declared independent
renamed Haiti
120
What role did working class in Britain have in abolition of slavery?
1/4 of Manchester signed a petition in 1792
121
What happened in 1781?
captain of Zong acquitted of murder after throwing 133 sick slaves overboard
122
What happened in 1782?
Somersett vs Stewart case deemed slave brought to Britain was free and no longer enslaved
123
What happened in 1783?
London Quakers presented petition against slave trade with 300 names to Parliament
124
When was the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade set up?
1787
125
Give examples of abolitions
Hannah More
William Wilberforce
Thomas Clarkson
Granville Sharp
Olaudah Equiano
Josiah Wedgewood
126
How many names did the Manchester petition have for the abolition of slavery?
10,000 names
127
How many separate petitions were sent to Parliament in 1788?
103 separate petitions sent to parliament
128
When was Abolition of Slave Trade passed?
1807
129
What was made illegal in 1807?
buying or selling of slaves
130
When was slavery banned across British Empire?
1833
131
What was made illegal in 1833?
owning a slave
132
Who was instantly freed in 1833 from slavery?
enslaved people under age of 6
133
How long did enslaved people over 6 have to remain in slavery?
4 years further
134
What were the consequences of the abolition of slavery?
- pressured other nations
- slaves sacked if they refused to live in old quarters
- smuggling of slaves
- no regulations
- conditions declined
- competition for wage and work
135
When were the corn laws introduced?
1815
136
What affect did Corn Laws have?
placed taxes on imported corn which benefitted landowners and farmers at expense of factory owners and workers
137
Why did Government introduce the Corn Laws?
- Britain banned cheap French wheat during war
- stopped trade
138
Why did the price of wheat increase in Britain?
no competition - could charge high price for wheat
139
Why did politicians and farmers want to keep the Corn Laws?
benefitted from increased prices
140
What happened in 1828?
sliding scale introduced to regulate corn price but they remained high
141
When was the Anti Corn Law Association set up?
1833
142
When did government reject a motion to repeal Corn Laws?
1838
143
How did Anti Corn Law League pressurise government?
targeting seats in elections in 1841
144
Why did support for Anti Corn Law League drop in 1844?
good harvest meant prices dropped
145
Why did support for Anti Corn Law League increase in 1845?
poor harvest meant prices increased
146
When was the Corn Law repealed by Government?
1846
147
Who belonged to the Anti Corn Law League?
middle class men who felt law was unfair on poor/working class
148
Who were two prominent members of Anti Corn Law League?
Richard Cobden
John Bright
149
When did Richard Cobden become an MP?
1841
150
When did John Bright become an MP?
1843
151
What did Cobden and Bright do?
orators that spread word of League throughout country
152
What tactics did Cobden and Bright use?
- speeches
- pamphlets
- newspaper articles
- railways to travel faster
- penny post sent pamphlets to every eligible voter
153
Why did Robert Peel support Anti Corn Law League?
saw benefit of free trade and not controlling imports
154
Why did Robert Peel have to slowly persuade government?
leader of Tory party
- mostly wealthy landowners who wanted to keep prices high
155
What new technology did Cobden and Bright use?
penny post
railways
156
Why did the Anti Corn Law League protest for the laws to be repealed?
- spend ££ on industrial goods
- trade secured peace in Europe
- basic food ; bread unaffordable
- spend ££ on other farm produce ; meat
- lower living costs w cheap wheat
- countries could ££ into industry through trade
157
What were the short term consequences of repealing the Corn Laws?
- Peel forced to resign
- no devastating effect
- overproduction in war meant cheaper prices
- poor afford wheat
158
What were the long term consequences of repealing the Corn Laws?
- landowning class challenged which inspired others
- working class protected which inspired others
159
How was the Corn Law internationally significant?
Irish potato famine
- 1846 millions starving
- no wheat to send
- had to repeal laws!
160
What motivated the factory and social reformers?
Christian faith
abolition of slavery
poor working conditions
161
What law was passed in 1833?
Ten Hours Bill
162
What was the Ten Hours Bill of 1833?
limited hours children under nine could work
163
What was set up in 1840?
Children's Employment Commission
164
What act was passed in 1842?
Mines and Collieries Act
165
What did the Mines and Collieries Act of 1842 prohibit?
prohibited employment of women and children udnerground
166
When did Lord Shaftesbury become president of Ragged Schools Union?
1844
167
What was the Ragged Schools Union?
educate those too poor to attend normal schools
168
What did Lord Shaftesbury do?
spent lifetime working for social and economic reform
169
What acts did Lord Shaftesbury pass?
Ten Hours Bill
Mines and Collieries Act
170
What did Lord Shaftesbury set up?
Children's Employment Commission
Ragged Schools Union
171
What was common for children as young as 6 working in factories or mines?
accidents
- lost limbs or even life
172
What role did men have in mines?
manually cut coal
173
What role did women have in mine?
carried coal to surface
174
What role did older boys have in mines?
pushed coal carts
175
What role did young children have in mines?
worked as trappers
176
What conditions like for trappers in mines?
12 hours a day sat in dark
- lost legs as carts ran over them
177
How much did girls have to carry when working in mines?
150kg of coal
178
How did people hear about poor working conditions in mines?
inspectors working in support of reforms
MP Michael Sadler
Lord Shaftesbury
179
What is laissez faire politics?
politics should not be involved in personal life
180
Why did workers oppose factory reforms?
- limited income
- laissez faire politics
- sent to workhouses
- did not cater to all workers
181
When was the Poor Law Amendment Act passed?
1834
182
Why did workers dislike the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834?
sent to workhouses if money not made
- separated families
- ruined lives
183
What type of reform was MP Michael Sadler part of?
factory reform
184
What type of reform was Lord Shaftesbury part of?
factory and social reform
185
What type of reform was Robert Owen part of?
factory and social reform
186
What type of reform was Josephine Butler part of?
social reform
187
What type of reform was Edwin Chadwick part of?
social reform
188
What type of reform was Elizabeth Fry part of?
social reform
189
What motivated MP Michael Sadler?
- working conditions
- dangerous machinery
- poor treatment of children
- weight of coal lifted by women and children
190
What did MP Michael Sadler suggest?
maximum 10 hour day for those under eighteen
191
What motivated Lord Shaftesbury?
- Christian faith
- improving children's lvies
192
What did Lord Shaftesbury do?
- Ten Hour Bill
- Miners and Collieries Act
- Ragged Schools Union
- Children's Employment Commission
193
What motivated Robert Owen?
- socialist
- equal society
- more profit from happy workers
194
How successful was Robert Owen?
visited by royal family and MPs
195
When did Robert Owen become manager at New Lanark?
1800
196
When did Robert Owen introduce 8 hour day?
1810
197
When did Robert Owen open a school?
1816 opened a school
198
What did Robert Owen create for citizens of New Lanark?
social club
- no alcohol or swearing
199
When was the Factory Act passed?
1833
200
What was the impact of the Factory Act of 1833?
- no U9 work in factory
- children aged 9-13 only 48hrs per week
- children U13 school 2hours a day
- four inspectors check act was enforced
201
What did Factory Act not apply to?
silk factories
202
How many inspectors had to check Factory Act was enforced?
four inspectors
203
How many hours of school did u13 have after Factory Act?
2 hours daily
204
How many hours were 9-13 allowed after Factory Act?
48 hours a week
205
What did the Miners and Collieries Act of 1842 change?
- no child u15 winding machinery
- no women/children work underground
206
What were most of the factory and social reformers?
philanthropists
207
What motivated Edwin Chadwick?
- improving living conditions
- improve health of population
208
What did Edwin Chadwick do?
proved cholera came from poor housing not from working class themselves
209
What motivated Elizabeth Fry?
- Quaker
- helping poor
- prison reform
210
What did Elizabeth Fry do?
visited Newgate Prison
- school and chapel
improved conditions for women on transportation ships
211
What motivated Josephine Butler?
- family involvement
- Evangelical
- Repealing Contagious Disease Act of 1869
- treatment of women arrested for prostitution
212
When was the Contagious Disease Act passed?
1869
213
What did Josephine Butler do?
- campaigned age of consent 13 -> 16
- repealed Contagious Disease Act in 1883
- campaigned for protection of prostitutes
214
Why did Josephine Butler repeal Contagious Disease Act in 1883?
policemen could lift up woman's skirt to inspect
- blamed for STDs in soldiers
215
How successful was social and factory reform?
still at disadvantage from Poor Law Amendment Act in 1834
216
What were the consequences of reformers and campaigners?
showed one issue groups successful
showed strength of boycotting and political lobbying
showed role of individual
217
What are Trade Unions?
organised association of workers in trade or group of trades formed to protect and further their rights
218
What did early trade unions try to do?
maintain existing wages
219
How did skilled workers' unions differ?
strong position to band together and pressure employees
- Friendly Societies
- sick or unemployment pay
220
What did Luddites do?
destroyed factory machinery
221
What did Swing Rioters do?
destroyed farming machinery and set fire to farms
- threshing machines took jobs away
222
How did Government respond to Trade Unions?
Combination Act
223
When was the Combination Act passed?
1825
224
When did Government begin passing Combination Acts and why?
1779 due to worry
225
When was Act Against Unlawful Oaths made?
1797
226
What did the Act Against Unlawful Oaths mean?
inhibited formation of rebellious groups
227
When was the Master and Servant Act passed?
1823
228
What did the Master and Servant Act mean?
illegal for workers to break contact with employer by striking
229
When was the Combination Act repealed?
1824
230
What was New Model Unionism?
- skilled workers
- building/crafting/creating
- tailors and carpenters
231
What was Trade Unionism?
- non skilled workers
- farmers, dock workers, factory workers
- labouring
232
What did Combination Act of 1825 allow?
meetings to discuss wages and conditions
233
What did Combination Act of 1825 not allow?
stopped perceived threat of intimidation and picketing
234
When was Grand National Consolidated Trade Union created?
1834
235
Who created the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union in 1834?
Robert Owen
236
How many members did GNTCU have?
500,000 members
237
Why did GNTCU fail?
bickering and different objectives of different trades
238
Why were the Tolpuddle Martyrs arrested?
broke law by making secret oath
239
Why was the Government upset by Tolpuddle Martyrs?
- worried by forming a union because of French Rev
- scared ideas of freedom and equality would spread in working class
240
Who were the Tolpuddle Martyrs?
6 farmworkers
241
Why was James Frampton able to cut wages of George and James Loveless?
plenty of hungry people desperate for any paid work
242
What was the fate of the Tolpuddle Martyrs?
sent to Australia to work on chain gangs
243
Why did the Tolpuddle Martyrs form a union?
protect families from poverty
244
When did the Tolpuddle Martyrs occur?
February 1834
245
Where did supporters of Tolpuddle Martyrs hold a demonstration?
Copenhagen Fields
246
When were Tolpuddle Martyrs given full pardon?
14 March 1836
247
How many demonstrators for TM marched to Parliament?
200,000 demonstrators
248
How many names did petition for TM have?
800,000 names
249
When was the Scottish Friendly Association created?
1837
250
What did members of Scottish Friendly Association do?
cotton spinners
- shot those willing to work
251
What had caused Tolpuddle Martyrs?
James Frampton cut wages from 9 shillings to 8 shillings to 7 shillings
252
What were the short term consequences of the Tolpuddle Martyrs?
- Australia chain gangs
- meeting of 10,000 people
- petition and demonstration
- POWER OVER GOVERNMENT
253
What were the long term consequences of the Tolpuddle Martyrs?
- inspired Chartism
- encouraged success and impact
- organised meetings without threatening Government
254
When was the Trade Union Congress created?
1868
255
When was the Trade Union Act passed?
1871
256
What did the Trade Union Act mean?
legal
protected funds from embezzlement
257
When was the Criminal Law Amendment Act?
1871
258
What did the Criminal Law Amendment Act mean?
picketing became illegal
259
When was the Amalgamated Society of Engineers created?
1851
260
When was New Model Union created for Carpenters?
1860
261
When was New Model Union created for tailors?
1866
262
How many members did Amalgamated Society of Engineers have by 1868?
33,000 members
263
What was Amalgamated Society of Engineers?
union of highly skilled men who could afford weekly subscriptions to ensure sick pay
264
What were guilds?
controlled wages in medieval times
265
What were the similarities between Chartists and Tolpuddle Martyrs?
- presented demands
- extreme response from GOV
- angered by poor play
- highly publicised
266
What were the differences between Chartist and Tolpuddle Martyrs?
- political change Chartists suffrage
- personal change Martyrs
- Chartism ; entire national movement
267
When was the Coal Mines Act passed?
1872
268
What did the Coal Mines Act mean?
reduced working hours of women and children in mines
269
What did Match girls suffer from?
phossy jaw
270
What was phossy jaw?
caused by phosphorus
- jaws rot
- teeth fell out
- disfigured faces
271
How did the public feel about match girls?
sympathized
272
Who helped the match girls?
Annie Bessant
273
Who was Annie Bessant and what did she do?
socialist and powerful speaker
founded weekly journal The Link
274
What did the weekly journal The Link do?
stories about terrible working conditions
275
What did Annie Bessant encourage public to do?
boycott Bryant and May
276
How much were match girls paid?
20p girls
40p women
277
Why were wages of match girls reduced in 1882?
statue of Prime Minister William Gladstone
278
How did factory owners respond to match girl strikes?
pressured them to deny claims or they would be fired
279
How many match girls came out in support of strikes?
1400 match girls
280
How did Annie Bessant help match girls?
- asked for higher wages
- registered them for strike pay
- wrote articles
- held public meetings
- marched in procession
281
What was the Match girl strike?
first successful strike by unskilled manual labour
282
How were Match girls successful?
procession past Houses of Parliament
283
When did the Match girls stirke?
1888
284
When did the Dockers strike?
1889
285
What were the demands of the Dockers?
regular 4 hour work day
5p to 6p an hour
286
How were Dockers different to New Model Unions?
more militant
- socialist leaders
287
Who led the Dockers strike?
Ben Tillet
288
What did Ben Tillet encourage dockers to do?
march through London holding rotten fish heads and vegetables
289
How much support did Dockers get from Unions in Australia?
£30,000 in support
290
Why were Dockers successful?
support from Australia forced hand of dock owners
291
What did Dockers do?
picketed gates of London docks
- stopped 'blackleg' labourers
292
Who supported Dockers?
Cardinal Manning
Lord Mayor of London
- mediated between workers and owners
293
What are the similarities between Dockers and Match girls?
- organised
- pay rise
- better conditions
- external help
- working class
- public support
294
Where did Match girls work?
Bryant and May
295
What did Annie Bessant publish?
White Slaves of London
296
What did London Gas Workers Union demand in 1889?
eight hour day
297
What was handed out during 1889 strikes?
food relief
298
What happened on May Day in 1890?
rally for eight hour day
299
When were the first meetings for Independent Labour Party?
1839
300
What happened to members of Amalgamated Society of Engineers in 1897?
locked out by employers
- forced to concede demand for eight hour day
301
Where was the first Labour controlled local council?
West Ham
302
When did West Ham become first Labour controlled local council?
1898
303
When was the Taff Vale Judgement ruled?
1901
304
What did the Taff Vale Judgement mean?
ruled any union on strike had to pay damages for loss of income caused by strike action
305
What was the TUC?
Trades Union Congress that provided national co-ordinating council for all unions
306
What did Joseph Arch do?
set up Warwickshire Agricultural Labourers Union in 1872
307
How successful was Warwickshire Agricultural Labourers Union?
national by end of 1873
- 1000 branches
- 72,000 members
308
Who was A.J Mundella and what did he do?
Nottingham hosiery manufacturer who recognised trade unions and fair treatment of workers
- developed system of arbitration to settle disputes
- unofficial spokes person in HoC for trade unions
309
Who were the Labour party?
workers turned to politics for effective political organisation to deliver reforms
310
Who was Keir Hardie?
Independent West Ham MP for 1892
- formed Labour Party 1893
- leader of Labour Party in 1906 in HoC
- supported women's suffrage
311
How successful were unions?
varied
312
Who were used to break strikes?
black legs
non union members
313
How effective was law at dealing with unions?
gains made by workers short term and limited
314
How much did trade unions increase by from 1888 to 1891?
doubled in two years
315
How many workers were in trade unions by 1900?
only 10%
316
How many union members were women?
10%
317
Who had more influence?
general unions rather than small groups
318
Why was the TUC unsuccessful?
unclear represent skilled or unskilled
economic or political
319
What did the union movement lead to in 1893?
labour party
