Chapter 4 ; Equality and rights Flashcards
(288 cards)
1
Q
When did campaigns take place for female suffrage?
A
1897 to 1913
2
Q
What were the three groups that campaigned for female suffrage?
A
- National Union of Woman’s Suffrage Societies
- Women’s Freedom League
- Women’s Social and Political Union
3
Q
What did all three groups of female suffrage have in common?
A
- middle class
- wanted vote for women
4
Q
Who were the suffragists?
A
National Union of Women’ Suffrage Societies
5
Q
Who were the suffragettes?
A
Women’s Social and Political Union
6
Q
How could NUWSS be catergorised?
A
democratic
7
Q
How could WSPU be catergorised?
A
violent law breakers
8
Q
How could WFL be catergorised?
A
non violent law breakers
9
Q
Who created the NUWSS?
A
Millicent Fawcett
10
Q
When did Millicent Fawcett create the NUWSS?
A
1897
11
Q
What did NUWSS believe in?
A
peaceful methods like meetings, speeches, letters and posters
12
Q
How many branches did NUWSS have in 1914?
A
500 branches
13
Q
How many members did NUWSS have in 1914?
A
100,000 members
14
Q
Which group had male members?
A
NUWSS had male members
15
Q
How did NUWSS want to be seen?
A
kind
gentle
respectable
16
Q
What did NUWSS aim to do?
A
introduce parliamentary bills
17
Q
What did the NUWSS form in 1906?
A
committees in each constituency to persuade candidates to select pro suffrage candidates
18
Q
When did the WSPU split from the NUWSS?
A
1903
19
Q
When was the WPSU created?
A
1903
20
Q
Who created the WSPU?
A
Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel and Sylvia
21
Q
Why did the WSPU split from the NUWSS?
A
Emmeline Pankhurst decided more direct action was needed
22
Q
What did the WSPU believe in?
A
‘deeds not words’
23
Q
How could the WSPU be described?
A
militant
24
Q
What methods did WSPU use?
A
- hunger strikes
- smashed windows
- arson
- cut telephone lines
- letter bombs
- greenhouses of Kew gardens
- rhino whip
- rushed HoC
- chained to railings/wheels
25
What was thrown at the Prime Minister and by who?
Mary Leigh threw a hatchet at the Prime Minister on the 18 July 1912
26
When did Mary Leigh throw a hatchet at the Prime Minister?
18 July 1912
27
Which shop had its windows smashed by suffragettes?
Harrods
28
What did suffragettes do to stadium turf?
cut or burnt messages into stadium turf
29
What did suffragettes pour on Prime Minister's golf course?
poured acid on golf course
30
What did a suffragette use to attack a doctor?
rhino whip
31
When was the WFL created?
1907
32
When did the WFL split from the WSPU?
1907
33
Who formed the WFL?
Charlotte Despard
34
Why did the WFL form from the WSPU?
objected Pankhurst's decision making without consulting members
- wealthy women had too much influence
35
How many members left the WSPU to form the WFL?
76 members
36
How could the WFL be described?
militant group willing to break law
37
How many members of WFL were sent to prison?
100 members sent to prison
38
What methods did WFL take?
demonstrations
refusing to pay tax
39
Which female suffrage group refused to pay tax?
WFL
40
What did the WFL oppose?
WSPU campaign of vandalism against private and commercial property
- especially arson campaign
41
Which female suffrage group blew up buildings?
WSPU
42
How many members of WSPU were arrested in 1912 following stone throwing campagin?
200 suffragettes arrested
43
When did the Ladies of Langham Place set up their organisation?
1859
44
What did the Ladies of Langham campaign for?
women's rights
45
When did Ladies of Langham Place send a petition to Parliament?
1866
46
What led to the formation of the NUWSS?
exclusion of women from Reform Act
47
When were women excluded from the Reform Act?
1867
48
When was the Married Woman's Property Act introduced?
1870
49
What did the Married Woman's Property Act mean?
allowed women to keep property single, married, divorced or widowed
50
What action was taken by WSPU members Christabel P. and Annie Kenney in 1905?
disrupted Liberal Party meeting by unfurling banner
- Christabel spit at policeman
- use publicity
- success
51
When was the Qualification of Women Act passed?
1907
52
What did the Qualification of Women Act mean?
women can be elected onto borough, county councils and mayor
53
How many people gathered in Hyde Park in 1908 in support of women's suffrage?
250,000 people gathered
54
When did the suffragettes boycott the census?
1911
55
How did Emily Davison boycott the census of 1911?
hid in Palace of Westminster overnight to register address as Houses of Parliament
56
When did George Lansbury try and fail to force by-election in Bromley and Bow for women's suffrage?
1912
57
When was the 'Cat and Mouse' Act introduced?
1913
58
What is the name of the 'Cat and Mouse' Act?
Prisoners Temporary Discharge for Ill health
59
How did the Government respond to hunger strikes?
Prisoners Temporary Discharge for Ill Health
60
What happened on Derby Day 1913?
Epsom race course Emily Davison killed in attempt of placing rosette on king's horse
61
Who became the first martyr of the suffrage movement?
Emily Davison
62
When did a pilgrimage begin for women's suffrage?
1912
63
Where did the pilgrimage of women's suffrage go between?
Carlisle to London
64
What was the aim of the 'Cat and Mouse Act'?
release and rehabilitate women too weak from starvation
65
How did suffragettes treat MPs?
- heckled during speeches
- sent letter bombs
66
What did Anne Hunt slash with a butcher's carving knife?
portrait of Sir Thomas Carlyle
67
What did suffragettes chain themselves to?
buildings
railings
wheels of Prime Minister's carriage
68
Why did people oppose female suffrage movement?
- irrational and unbalanced
- place in the home
- politics was man's world
69
How did Prime Minister Herbert Asquith respond to female suffrage?
blocked moves to give women vote
70
What helped women get the vote?
World War One
71
When did Emmeline Pankhurst suspend suffrage activities?
1914
- outbreak of WW1
72
How did war help women get the vote?
- proved they could work and look after children
- could do same jobs as men
- clear headed decisions
73
When was the Representation of the People Act passed?
1918
74
What did the Representation of the People Act mean?
women over 30 owning property had right to vote
75
When were women given vote on equal terms with men?
1928
76
When was the Women's movement born?
1960s
77
What did the Women's Movement of 1960s demand?
- equal pay
- women in higher education
- 24 hour child care
- free contraception and abortion on demand
78
When was the Divorce Reform Act passed?
1969
79
What did the Divorce Reform Act mean?
allowed women to divorce and claim property in settlements
80
When was the Abortion Act passed?
1967
81
What did the Abortion Act mean?
pregnancies could be terminated
82
When did female workers of Ford Dagenham go on strike?
1968
83
Why did female workers of Ford Dagenham go on strike?
equal pay
84
What happened as a result of strikes at Ford Dagenham?
- Barbara Castle negotiated settlement
- only 92% of male wage
85
When was the Equal Pay act passed?
1970
86
What did the Equal Pay Act mean?
equal pay for equal work
87
When was the Sex Discrimination Act passed?
1975
88
What did the Sex Discrimination Act mean?
women's rights in workplace
- illegal to sack someone due to pregnancy
89
When was the Equal Opportunity Act passed?
1976
90
When did Margaret Thatcher become Prime Minister?
1979
91
When did Julie Hayward succeed in taking employers to court over unequal pay?
1988 at Cammell Laird shipbuilders
92
When did Betty Boothroyd become first female speaker in House of Commons?
1992
93
What were the consequences of women's rights movements?
- 1969 everyone 18+ vote
- 1970 equal pay necessary
- women obtained vote
94
How much do women earn in comparison to men?
30% less than men
95
How did women progress towards equality?
through own efforts or efforts of government
96
What methods did NUWSS use?
meetings
speeches
letters
posters
97
What happened to coal mines post WW1?
- returned to private owners
- inefficient mines closed
- machinery introduced
98
Why did coal mines in Britain become ineffecient?
- lack of technology
- German and American mines more efficient
99
Why did miners decide to strike on Black Friday?
longer working hours and lower wages announced by mine owners
100
When did miners strike?
15 April 1921 on Black Friday
101
When did miners face a further wage cut?
1925
102
When and why did government subsidise coal industry?
1925 due to fear of a General Strike
103
When was the Emergency Powers Act passed?
1920
104
What did the Emergency Powers Act mean?
monarch had right to declare state of emergency in order to deliver 'essentials of life'
105
Why did the strikes of Black Friday fail?
dockers and railway unions pulled out
- miners left alone and forced to return to work
106
When was the General Strike agreed?
1st May 1926
107
When did the General Strike begin?
3rd May 1926
108
How long was the General Strike?
9 days
109
When did the General Strike end?
12 May 1926
110
Who took over jobs of strikes in 1926 and what enabled them to do so?
army and middle class university students
- Emergency Powers Act of 1920
111
How many university students volunteered to replace those on strike in 1926?
226,000 volunteers
112
What was the name of the newspaper owned by the Government used in the General Strike?
British Gazette
113
How did the Government use the British Gazette against the Trades Union Congress?
propaganda to turn public against strike
114
What does TUC stand for?
Trades Union Congress
115
Who edited the British Gazette?
Winston Churchill
116
How did Baldwin oppose the action of TUC General Strike?
made speeches
- fear of communism
- strike = revolution
117
How were violent clashes between strikes and government dealt with?
armoured cars
police and army armed with guns
118
What newspaper did TUC use in General Strike?
The British Worker
119
How did TUC use British Worker in General Strike?
spread reminder to strikers to be peaceful
explain reasons for strike
120
Where did TUC members travel to?
travelled to other industries to picket
121
What did TUC set up during General Strike?
funds to feed families of strikers to keep strike going
122
When did coal price fall in 1925?
Red Friday
123
When did Baldwin subsidise mining industry?
after Red Friday
124
When was Red Friday?
31st July 1925
125
When was the Sammuels Commission set up?
after Red Friday
126
Why did General Strike end?
TUC defeated, out of money
- accepted Sammuels Commission
127
Who did not support the General Strike?
Labour Party
public
128
When did miners return to work?
November 1926
129
Why did miners return to work?
hunger and disillusionment
130
When was the Trade Disputes Act passed?
1927
131
What did the Trade Disputes Act mean?
limited union action
- banned sympathy strikes and mass picketing
132
When was the Great Depression?
1929
133
What happened to workers power in 1930s?
decreased due to mass unemployment
134
How did workers power change in 1940s to 1970s?
full employment in WW2 and 1960s meant trade unions at centre of politics
135
What happened in 1972 and 1974?
Miners' Strike
136
What was put in place following Miners' Strike in 72 and 74?
three day week to conserve electricity
137
What were the consequences of the Miners' Strike in 72 and 74?
brought down Conservative Government
138
When did the Miners have another strike?
1984
139
Who was Stanley Baldwin?
Prime Minister during General Strike
140
What was the TUC?
Trades Union Congress that coordinated work of separate trade unions
141
Who was Margaret Thatcher?
Prime Minister during 1984 Miners' Strike
- set out to reduce union power
142
Who was Arthur Scargill?
Leader of National Union of Miners
- militant
- Thatcher enemy of working class people
143
What caused the General Strike in 1926?
- coal production low
- pay and conditions
- Miners' Federation rejected
- government commission agreed wage reduced
144
How did Mine owners want to change pay in 1926?
cut pay by 13%
7 increase to 8 hours a day
145
How did Miners' Federation react to mine owners in 1926?
''not a penny off the pay, not a minute on the day''
146
What caused the Miners' Strike of 1984?
- plans to shut down unproductive pits
147
How did miners in 84 react to government suggestion to shut down unproductive pits?
- demanded not a pit closed
- unacceptable of government
148
How long did Government prepare for General Strike?
9 months
149
How did Thatcher prepare for strike?
coal stockpiled at power stations
coal power converted to oil and gas stations
150
What did Government use in General Strike to present trade unions are rebellious?
BBC radio programmes
151
What occurred between strikers and police in General Strike?
football matches
152
What did strikes in 1926 derail?
Flying Scotsman
153
What happened to known troublemakers of General strike?
blacklisted
154
How did police treat Strikers in General strike?
charged strikers with batons
155
How did strikers treat army in General Strike?
threw stones
156
How long did Miners' Strike in 80s last?
84 to 85
157
What happened in Miners' Strikes under Thatcher?
- violent clashes
- communities supported families
- miners forced back to work
158
What are the consequences of the Miners' strikes under Thatcher?
unproductive coal mines closed
- last deep coal mine closed in Dec 2015
159
What was the significance of General Strike?
- strong solidarity of working class
- defeated
160
How many members left Trade Union Congress after defeat in General Strike?
half a million
161
What were the consequences of the General Strike?
- union membership fell
- Trade Disputes Act 1927
- relationship with Labour party
- weakened power of unions
- no funding political parties
- no money from memberships
162
What were the consequences of the Miners' strike under Thatcher?
- marginalised trade unions
- removed from political agenda
163
Overall, what impact have workers and unions had?
improved living standard for many workers
164
What effect did the Employment Act of 1980 have?
unlawful to dismiss someone because of a closed shop
165
What effect did the Trade Union Act of 1984 have?
- 80% of members must agree for strikes
- closed shops illegal if less than 85% employees agreed
- secondary picketing outlawed
166
When was the British Nationality Act passed?
1948
167
What did the British Nationality Act mean?
800 million commonwealth citizens can gain British citizenship
168
What was the name of the first ship that brought people from West Indies to Britain?
MV Windrush
169
When did MV Windrush arrive at Tilbury?
22 June 1948
170
How many passengers did the MV Windrush have?
492 passengers
171
Where did people on MV Windrush come from?
Trinidad and Tobago
Jamaica
172
Why were members of commonwealth encouraged to come to Britain?
- opportunity
- excitement to see Britain
- labour shortage
- loans
173
What opportunities did immigrants have in Britain that encouraged them to move?
education
industrialised country
recruitment fairs - job secured
174
Why did British labour shortages encourage immigrants to move?
- rebuild country
- life changing wages
- London transport unskilled jobs
175
How did invite Commonwealth countries benefit Britain?
- rebuild after war
- secure loyalty if needed in future
176
How did British government enable people to travel?
interest free loans to travel by ship
177
How many immigrants arrived in 50s and 60s from Carribbean, Asia and Africa?
1.4 million migrants arrived
178
Why did Teddy Boys clash with immigrants who were young men?
felt they were stealing their women
179
What occurred as a result of immigration?
segregation
180
What jobs did those arriving from Indian subcontinent find?
doctors arrived and working in new National Health Service
181
Why did many immigrants do unskilled low paid work?
qualifications were not recognised in Britain
182
How did white people respond to immigrants living in their area?
'white flight'
183
How did landlords and housing associations respond to immigrants?
refused rent
184
Where did local authorities attempt to stop people renting property?
West Midlands like Smethwick and Birmingham
- Malcolm X visited in 1965
185
Where and why did Malcolm visit in Britain?
supported those in Smethwick and Birmingham who had been refused housing by local authorities
186
When were the Notting Hill riots?
1958
187
Why did immigrants find it hard to get work?
- refused employment by racist factory and business owners
- qualifications not recognised
188
When did immigration become a political issue and why?
dramatic increase in racism during 1960s
189
What were problems facing Government following immigration?
- housing crisis
- documentation issues
- violence, tension
- services overwhelmed
190
What were problems facing immigrants following immigration?
- language barriers
- religious differences
- integration
- racism
- accomadation
191
Who was involved in the Notting Hill riots of 1958?
Teddy Boys
192
When was the Commonwealth Immigrants Act introduced?
1962
193
Why was the Commonwealth Immigrants Act needed?
infrastructure unable to cope with population growth
as well as
- rising tensions
194
What impact did the Commonwealth Immigrants Act have?
immigrants must apply for work voucher and could only get one if skills were in demand
195
How far did the Commonwealth Immigrants Act change race relations in Britain?
increased tensions as Commonwealth nurses and doctors could not find work as qualifications not recognised
196
When did Tories win election?
1964
197
What did the election of Tory government mean for race relations?
race relations deteriorated
198
When was the Race Relations Board set up?
1965
199
What was the aim of the Race Relations Board?
consider complaints under Race Relations Act
200
When was the Race Relations Act passed?
1968
201
Why was the Commonwealth Immigration Act needed in 1968?
Africanisation in Kenya by Jomo Kenyatta
- potential of 200,000 people arriving in Britain
202
How many people were expected to arrive in Britain after Jomo Kenyatta introduced africanisation?
200,000 people arriving in Britain
203
What impact did Race Relation Act of 1968 have?
- defined discrimination
204
When was the Commonwealth Immigration Act passed?
1968
205
What did Race Relation Act define discrimination as?
treating less favourably on grounds of colour, race, ethnicity or nationality in provision of services or housing
206
How far did the Commonwealth Immigrants Act improve race race relations?
increased tensions
207
What impact did the Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1968 have?
parent or grandparent born or citizen in Britain to be able to move there
208
When was the Immigration Act passed?
1971
209
Why was the Immigration Act needed in 1971?
racism
pressure on infrastructure
210
When did Enoch Powell make his 'Rivers of Blood' speech?
1968
211
What impact did the Immigration Act have in 1971?
replaced employment vouchers with work permits which only allowed temporary residence
212
What did Immigration Act of 1971 encourage?
voluntary repatriation encouraged
213
When was voluntary repatriation encouraged?
1971 following Immigration Act
214
How did Immigration Act of 1971 change race relations?
increased tensions
deteriorated race relations
215
What was the aim of Government reforms to race relations?
reduce number of immigrants
- viewed as attempt to reduce non white immigration
216
What did the 1971 Immigration Act limit?
limited right to enter United Kingdom
217
When was the Council for Racial Equality set up?
1976
218
When were the Brixton riots?
1981
219
When was the Scarman report?
1981
220
When was the Independent Police Complaints Authority set up?
1985
221
When was Stephen Lawrence murdered?
1993
222
When was the Macpherson report?
1999
223
What impact did the Council for Racial Equality have?
individuals gained ability to take discrimination complaints to civil courts or industrial tribunals
224
When was the Battle of Lewisham?
1977
225
When was the Race Relations Act?
2000
226
When was the Equality Act?
2010
227
What was the impact of the Race Relations Act 2000?
brought police into scope of race relations
- placed duty on public authorities to actively promote race equality
228
When and why was the Race Relations Act ammended?
amended 2001
- impose duties on many public authorities to promote racial equality
229
What was the impact of the Equality Act 2010?
legally protected people from discrimination in workplace and society
230
What did Equality Act 2010 replace anti discrimination laws with?
a single act
231
What effect did Equality Act 2010 have?
law easier to understand and strengthened protection in some situations
232
Why did many Poles settle in Britain after war?
did not want to return to communist country
233
Where did most of commonwealth migrants live in London?
Brixton
Notting Hill
Hackney
234
How many commonwealth immigrants lived in London?
half of commonwealth migrants
235
Where did ethnic clusters develop in Britain following immigration?
West Midlands
East Midlands
Yorkshire
236
What did Asian immigrants create in Britain?
developed own communities and businesses
237
Who were the National Front?
far right political party for white people only
238
What did National Front do?
staged marches in immigrant areas designed to disrupt peace
239
What did National Front want?
immigrants to return to country of origin
240
What was Powellism?
support of Conservative MP who had extreme nationalist views that white people were superior
240
What impact did Powellism have?
- working class support
- return to origin
- superiority
241
What did Race Relations Act of 1965 prevent?
discrimination in housing and employment
242
What did Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1968 to?
help integration of immigrant communities
243
What did the Race Relations Act of 1976 do?
replaced Race Relations Board with Commission for Racial Equality
defined discrimination
244
Why was Race Relations Act of 1976 a failure?
within 5 years, riots in Brixton and major cities
245
What were the economic reasons for riots in Britain?
recession
- unemployment
- poor housing
- higher crime
246
When was the Battle of Lewisham?
1977
247
What caused the Battle of Lewisham?
National Front marched threw borough
248
How did people feel after Battle of Lewisham?
felt let down by police
249
What were the consequences of the Battle of Lewisham?
- fuelled National Front's hatred
- riots
- black community blamed
250
What were the political causes of riots in Britain?
Battle of Lewisham
251
What were the long term causes of the Brixton riots?
- Battle of Lewisham
- blame for crime
- Powellism
- National Front
- sus law
- Operation Swamp 81
- recession
252
What was sus law?
allowed policemen to search someone suspected of about to commit crime
253
Why was the sus law introduced?
crime rates increased as black community suffered in recession with unemployment and housing
254
What did sus law result in?
racial profiling
255
What was Operation Swamp 81?
operation to reduce crime through 'sus law' by swamping streets of London with plainclothes policemen
256
What were the short term causes of the Brixton riots?
- police brutality
- angry crowd confronting police
- young black man arrested
257
How many people were stopped in 6 days under 'sus law'?
1000 people stopped in 6 days
258
What affect did sus law have?
increased tension as black men felt attacked in their own community
259
What sparked the Brixton riots?
arrest of young black man on 10 April 1981
260
How long were the Brixton riots?
3 days
261
What happened during the Brixton riots?
black community fought police, set fire to cars and buildings
262
What happened following Brixton riots?
Scarman report
263
What did the Scarman report find?
- ended sus law
- found no institutional racism
- created PCA
- improved relations
- suggested offence
264
What did Scarman report end?
sus law
265
What did Scarman report not find?
institutional racism in police
266
What did Scarman report create?
Police Complaints Authority
267
What did Scarman report suggest?
making racially prejudiced behaviour an offence
268
When was it found that police did have institutional racism?
1993 following murder of Stephen Lawrence
269
How much more likely were police to use sus law on black people?
7 or 8 times more likely
270
How many police officers dealt with Brixton riots?
1000 police
271
How many policemen were hurt in Brixton riots?
300 policemen hurt
272
How many vehicles were destroyed in Brixton riots?
100 vehicles destroyed
273
How many buildings were destroyed in Brixton riots?
150 buildings destroyed
274
What happened to buildings in Brixton riots?
burned, damaged or looted
275
How many arrests were made in Brixton riots?
82 arrests made
276
What were short term consequences following Brixton riots nationally?
similar disturbances in Liverpool, Manchester and Nottingham
277
When was the Police Complaints Authority set up?
1985
278
How did politicians respond to Brixton riots?
Thatcher said 'nothing, but nothing, justifies what happened'
279
When did further riots happen following events in Brixton?
1985 and 1995
280
How was immigration to Britain significant in long term?
- legislation in place due to race relations
- racism due to Powellism and National Front
- Windrush Generation remembered
281
How was immigration to Britain significant in the short term?
- multicultural Britain
- racism increased ; white flight, Teddy Boys
- from Commonwealth
282
What did Leicester become in 1970s?
popular destination for immigrants from India and Pakistan
283
What did 2011 census find in Leicester?
42% of population from black or ethnic background
284
How many countries are represented in Leicester's cultural mix?
over 50 countries
285
How did Leicester Council respond in 1972 to influx of immigrants?
dissuaded immigrants from arriving
286
How was immigration to Leicester significant?
- multi racial city celebrated
- hosiery industry
- entrepreneurial immigrants
- established network
- successful integration to political process
287
What was the aim of the 1962 Commonwealth Immigrant Act?
- regulate number of immigrants
- giver courts power to recommend deportation of immigrants
