Chapter 1 exam Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Prophet
A
A specific type of religious person that speaks for a god. He or she does not primarily predict the future.
2
Q
Scripture
A
Texts which a religion speaks authoritatively to their adherents’ lives.
3
Q
Canon
A
The canon of a religion can change over time. It is a religious rule put in place by someone of authority.
4
Q
Creed
A
A declaration of faith, often recited as part of a worship service or personal prayer.
5
Q
Schism
A
A split within a religious group that does not result in two wholly separate religions. Splits that appear to be permanent result in two or more sects within the religion.
6
Q
Mysticism
A
Religions often have sects that reject the traditional religious practice, organization, and leadership of their religion for a direct, personal connection between the adherents and God, gods, or the divine.
7
Q
Orthodoxy
A
The group of things a religion mandates its members to think, or right thinking.
8
Q
Theology
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The nature of God, gods, or the divine.
9
Q
Polytheism
A
There are many gods
10
Q
Henotheism
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There is one primary god, though also many other lesser gods.
11
Q
Monotheism
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There is ONE and ONLY ONE God
12
Q
Agnosticism
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Whether there is a god or not cannot be known
13
Q
Atheism
A
There is no god
14
Q
Chaos-order
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Gods emerge from primordial chaos to bring order to the universe and then birth additional gods.
15
Q
Pantheism
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God is in everything, or God is everything.
16
Q
Omnipresence
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God is E V E R Y W H E R E
17
Q
Omniscience
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God is A L L - K N O W I N G
18
Q
Omnipotence
A
All powerful
19
Q
Immutability
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Never- changing
20
Q
Theophany
A
An appearance of god
21
Q
Animism
A
non- human things like animals, plants, rocks, rivers, mountains have souls or spirits; these souls or spirits can interact with the human world
22
Q
Theodicy
A
How to explain why God allows the existence of evil, allows people to suffer who do not deserve to, etc….
23
Q
Orthopraxy
A
the group of things a religion mandates its member to do. “right doing.”
In other words, orthopraxy refers to the actions required by a religion of its members, such as charity.
24
Q
Ethics
A
1) The problem
Death, reincarnation, suffering, alienation (from God or humanity, or the universe), eternal damnation
2) the solution
Life, elimination of self, elimination of attachment, reconciliation (with God or humanity or the universe), salvation
3) the way to accomplish the solution
Actions, beliefs, contemplation, sacraments, faith
25
"For the Greater Good" defense
suffering brings about a greater good in the end.
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"Free Will" defense
God allows humans free will to choose the good, so evil is the responsibility of humans.
27
Ethics
issues of conduct, right action, goodness, and justice
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Metaethics
The nature of ethics itself such as the meaning of goodness or justice, the origins of morality, and the foundations of moral thinking
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Normative ethics
how we should act in general in order to achieve the best outcomes, become good people, or ensure fair treatment
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Applied ethics
How we should act when faced with specific practical problems
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Morality
A moral action will respect the dignity and value of other people
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Deontology
Doing what is right regardless of the situation or consequences.
For example, telling the truth. It might be seen as a good regardless of the consequences.
33
Consequentialism
Whether an action result in a good outcome or consequence determines whether the action is moral
34
Virtue Ethics
- moral actions are those which develop virtues or praiseworthy traits in the individual. The most important question in virtue ethics is not what should i do, but what kind of person should I be
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Divine command ethics
Morality is determined by the will of God.
God commands what is good and prohibits what is evil.
Doing what God tells you to do . morality is determined by the will of God. if God tells u to sacrifice something , you do it.
36
Shaman
a person specially attuned to the divine and capable of dealing with it for others.
The precursor of the priest.
37
Myths
Religious stories, which does not imply that they are false.
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Worship
Actions intended to tell the religious stories or please the gods or get favor with the gods.
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Magic
Actions intended to force or compel the gods to do something
40
Pantheon
A collection of all the gods.
41
Mesopotamia
the definition means between rivers.
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Sumerians
Emerged as one of the first civilizations around 3000BCE. They called themselves " The Black Headed People."
Their main city was URUK.
43
Persian Empire
Around 550 BCE, the Persian empire comes in from the east and the establishment of its religion Zoroastrianism puts an end to Mesopotamian religion.
44
Abraham
The father of the Jewish people.
came from Mesopotamia
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Shamash
The sun god, responsible for overseeing the administration of the law.
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gods El and Ishtar
The most important gods of Mesopotamia.
The semitic god El is worshiped throughout the ancient middle east and is the forerunner of the Jewish God El and the muslim god allah.
Ishtar worship outlasts the rest of Mesopotamian religion, though her fertility cult degenerates into essentially prostitution.
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Marduk
the god of the city of Babylon.
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Ziggurats
Temples. The hebrew bible's tower of babel ( the languages story)
49
Hammurabi
A Babylonian king of the 18th century BCE.
50
Sargon
An Akkadian king from the period of the Akkadian conquest of Sumer.
Sargon's mother set him adrift in a basket on a river, the baby was rescued by one of the king's men and grew up to be a mighty king.
51
What did the Gilgamesh reading tell us about Mesopotamian religious beliefs?
Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, seeks out immortality, travelling to the realm of the dead, where his ancestor, immortal Utnapishtim, lives.
- there are gods, but they are hardly involved in the lives of humans
- almost all humans are mortal and have nothing to look forward to in an afterlife.
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Chaos in the Utnapishtim story
It shows that the ancient world religions believed the gods could control the power of chaos.
- the gods unleash the chaos of flooding to destroy the humans they created.
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Order in the Utnapishtim story
Sometimes the origin stories of the gods are that they emerge form chaos specifically to create order.
Sometimes the gods are feared for their ability to unleash chaos, so people try to please the gods.
54
Aegyptos-egypt-kemet
Means "temple of the soul". KEMET= which means "black country."
55
Pharaoh
A son of a god and a god himself
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Osiris
The god of death
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Ma'at
The pharaoh, as a god, was in charge of maintaining cosmic order, aka Ma'at.
- truth, right behavior, corret balance.
Ma'at also depicted as a goddess.
- a role in creation (bringing order out of chaos)
- was also involved in the judgement of the dead
58
Nut, Geb, and Shu
sky, earth, and air
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Re, Amon, Khepre, Amon-Re
The many different sun gods.
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Seth
The most popular gods by late Egyptian religion. Osiris killed by his brother Seth; found by his sister Isis, whom he impregnates; child Horus grows to avenge his father
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Aten
was thought to be the sun disk
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Amenhotep IV/ Akhenaten
Initiated the world's first monotheism.... the worship of Aten
63
A human consists of five parts
Body, name ( an expression of self), shadow ( the presence of a person distinct from the body), Ba (the presence of the self-perceivable by others. the primary mode of existence of the dead. In the mummy, but also in the realm of Osiris) and Ka ( the persona or life force. Remains with the body after death and needs nourishment)
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Pyramids
A pharaoh's tomb and a symbol of his power
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Isis
God of fertility
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Horus
god of the sun
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Hellas
What the Greeks call their country
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Minoan culture
The first civilization in the southeastern area of Europe. (on the island of Crete)
they had a mother goddess
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Mycenean culture
followed after the Minoan culture.
- the mycenaeans were indo-europeans who worshiped a pantheon of gods with a father sky god at its head and performed sacrifices as their primary worship ritual.
70
Alexander the Great
United the Greek-city states for the first time and spread Hellenistic culture and religion throughout the eastern Mediterranean world.
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Homer-greek1
Poet who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey. homer tells us in the odyssey to avoid the gods and don't do things to piss them off.
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Fate (moira)
rules over zeus in the greek religions.
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Hesiod-greek2
He wrote the theogony.... how all the gods are related to each other.
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The theogony
Origin of the world through a procession of creations and three generations of the gods.
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Generation 1
out of original chaos comes the earth (gaea) and gaea generates the moutnains, ocean, and sky (ouranos)
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Generation 2
Gaea and ouranos have children including Kronos (the titans\)
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Generation 3
Kronos and his siblings birth the Homeric gods including Zeus (the Olympians)
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Titans
The titans- kronos and his generation of the gods lived in a part of the underworld called tartarus
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Olympians
Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Hermes, and either Hestia or Dionysus. They were called Olympians because, according to tradition, they resided on Mount Olympus
80
Xenophanes-greek3
Early philosopher who says gods aren't humanlike.
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Plato-greek4
Plato invents body dualism in that the body perishes but the soul remains. he says we are composed of two parts. He invents the soul. BODY and SOUL. he thinks that the things that gods do in the odyssey is crap. Plato said god is different than that… they are omniscent….immutable .. he said there is a single god.
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Body-soul dualism
There are two parts to the body.At the center of humans there is a soul, encased in the body, that should seek the highest good and develop virtue.
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Artistole
He says there is one god and he has no emotion.
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Monad
Definition: the Single one
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Mother goddess
Exists in Minoan Greece. She is ruler of Vegetation, mountain, ruler of the underworld, companion of beasts.
companion of beasts
86
zeus-poseidon-hades
Zeus is the king of gods,sky and thunders, Poseidon is the God of oceans, storms earthquake. Hades is god of the underworld.
87
heroes
A famous person in the Greek mythology. Like the gods.
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Emanation
• Emanation = projection, expression of power or wisdom from a higher being.
89
Oracles
where you go to a place and talk to a priest and try to get information about the gods. it is a big deal in greece.
90
apollo
The Temple of Apollo at Delphi functions as a Panhellenic sanctuary serving all Greek settlements
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asclepius
Oracles are also able to reach Asclepius.
92
What are the consisting elements of a mystery religion?
A story (often re-enacted), ritual (often purification), and secret (knowledge of the universe, of the god or goddess)
93
Eleusinian mysteries
hades kore demeter explains the foundation of seasons
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Dionysian mysteries
Women join to get pregnant. Maenads tearing and eating bull
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Orphic mysteries
Son of zeus eaten by titans. zagreus: the soul . titans: the body. Explains why we have bad and good in us.
96
Cybele and Attis
Castration (removing of penis) for love. attis cut off his genitals to prove his love for cybele
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isis and searpis
.in order to join this cult, isis has to appear to them in a dream. This is where you go for healingHealing and afterworld. Serapis is a combination of Osiris (underworld god ) and apis (bull god)
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Mystery religion - Mithras
only mystery religion that is male dominant - this is where you go for the military
99
Virgil's Aeneid
Basically Homer's odyssey and Iliad mixed together and seen in a mirror. So, when Rome conquered Greece, rather than replacing Greek culture and religion they took Greek culture and religion in, creating Greco-Roman culture and religion
100
Romulus and Remus
Infant Romulus and Remus were ordered to die by King Amulius; left to die on the bank of a river; grew up and after a dispute, Romulus founded Rome
101
Numen
- a divine power which guides the course of life
and resides in gods, humans, places, things
• The more numen a god has, the more powerful he is
• Sacrifice, magical acts, rituals, festivals increase a god’s numen-
102
Janus
He is the god of doorways.
- he looks backwards and forwards.
- January is named after him
103
Ethics and morality
Human behavior towards others. How you interact with other human beings
104
Metaethics
Metaethics involves the natures of ethics itself such as the meaning of goodness or justice, the origins of morality, and the foundations of moral thinking. - what are the assumptions behind your ethics.
105
consequentialism
Weather an action results in a good outcome or consequence determines whether the action in mor
106
what do all religions start with ?
Mother of fertility
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what put an end to mesopotamia
Mesopotamian religion finally declined with the spread of Iranian religions
108
Where did greece get its name ?
It got its name from the latin word Graecia
109
Homeric ethics
Just do what makes the gods happy. If the gods like you, they like you.
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Platonic ethics
Develop yourself like the gods.
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theo
the definition means god
