Chapter 1 (exam*) Flashcards by Caroline Blunk

name and explain the different types of body planes and sections

median(midsagittal) - cuts down the middle of the body (down the nose and through the naval)
sagittal plane- divides something into left and right parts (if it divides the entire body into left and right parts then it is midsagittal)
frontal (coronal)- cuts through the side of you (cuts arm in half goes through each leg)
transverse -cuts you through the waist

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abdominopelvic quadrants

splits the abdomen in 4 sections (the right upper of the patient would be the left upper for you) (right upper, left upper, left lower, right lower)

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anatomy

study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

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physiology

study of how the body and its parts work or function

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gross anatomy

larger structures; easily observable; organ systems; organs; tissues

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microscopic (histology)

very small structures; viewed through microscope; tissues to cells

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integumentary system

skin, hair, and nails; separates the bodies internal environment from its external environment; protects underlying organs from drying out and mechanical damage; synthesizes vitamin D ; location of cutaneous nerve receptors

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skeletal system

protects and supports body organs; provides muscle attachment for movement; site of blood cell formation (makes red blood cells; ossification(cells fuse into blood)); stores minerals

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muscular system

allows locomotion; maintains posture; produces heat

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nervous system

fast acting control system; responds to internal and external stimulus; activates muscles and glands; brain and spinal cord and nerves and sensory receptors

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endocrine system

pancreas, pituitary, adrenal glands; secretes regulatory hormones (growth, reproduction, metabolism); controls body with chemicals and hormones; affected by removal of thyroid gland

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cardiovascular system

blood vessels, heart; transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes)

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lymphatic system

returns fluids to blood vessels; disposes of debris; involved in immunity; protects the body; destroys bacteria and tumor cells; (eyelashes, pain receptors, fingernails, sweat glands); helps keep systems healthy and stable

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Respiratory system

keeps blood supplied with oxygen (diffusion); removes carbon dioxide from the blood; trachea, bronchi, lungs

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digestive system

breaks down food; allows for nutrients int blood; eliminates indigestible material; esophagus, large intestine, rectum

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urinary sytem

eliminates nitrogenous wastes; maintains acid-base balance; regulates water and electrolytes; kidneys, bladder, uterus

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reproductive system

production of offspring; testis, vas deferns, urethra

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maintenance of boundaries

keeps the bodies internal environment distinct from the external environment; at the cellular level, membranes; for the whole organism, the skin

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occurs when constructive activities occur at a faster rate than destructive activities

growth

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ability to react to stimuli a major role of the nervous system

responsiveness

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all chemical reactions occurring in the body

metabolism

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includes carbohydrates proteins fats and minerals; chemicals for energy and cell building

nutrients

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essential for normal operation of the respiratory system and breathing

atmospheric pressure

single substance accounting for more than 60% of body weight; provides the basis for body fluids of all types

water

required for the release of energy from foodstuffs

oxygen

appropriate body temperature

when too high or too low, physiological activities cease, primarily because molecules are destroyed or become nonfunctional

what can a disturbance in homeostasis result in

illness

positive feedback

increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther; causes an amplification of a response; in the body this occurs in the menstrual cycle, blood clotting, and birth of a baby (contractions)

negative feedback

includes most homeostatic control mechanisms; shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity; provides a range of stability or a condition of "normal"; works like a household thermostat

mediastinum

separates the lungs into right and left cavities in the thoracic cavity; houses the heart, trachea, and several other visceral organs

approximately what percentage of the air we breathe is oxygen?

20%

what covers an organ

visceral pericardium

what lines cavities

parietal serosa

what happens if the human body temperature drops belown 98.6 degrees F

metabolic reactions become slower

which cavity houses the lung

pleural cavity

which cavity houses the heart

pericardial cavity

what does a PET do?

excels in observing metabolic processes

What are the 6 levels of structural organization that make up the human body?

1. Chemical level (atoms combine to make molecules) 2. Cellular level (cells are made of molecules) 3. ) Tissue level (tissues are made of similar types of cells) 4. organ level (organs are made up of different types of tissues) 5. organ system level(different organs working together) 6. organism level (made up of various organ systems)

anatomy levels of organization (9 in order)

atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

capability of the body to maintain a relatively constant environment

homeostasis

examples of homeostatic mechanisms

- shivering when the body temperature falls below normal levels - secreting insulin to decrease blood sugar concentration after a meal or whenever the blood sugar level is high - increasing heart rate and contraction force when blood pressure is low

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

superior (the forehead is superior to the nose)

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

inferior (the navel is inferior to the breastbone)

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

anterior (the breastbone is anterior to the spine)

toward or at the backside of the body; behind

posterior (the heart is posterior to the breastbone)

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side

medial (the heart is medial to the arm)

away from the midline of the body; on the inner side of

lateral (the arms are lateral to the chest)

close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

proximal (the elbow is proximal to the wrist)

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

distal (the knee is distal to the thigh)

toward or at the body surface

superficial (the skin is superficial to the skeleton)

away from the body surface; more internal

deep (the lungs are deep o the rib cage)

on the outside

peripheral (the ears are peripheral to the nose)

towards the center

central (the nose central to the ears)

dorsal body cavities

cranial cavity and spinal cavity

ventral body cavities

thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity (pelvic cavity & abdominal cavity)

Explain the elements of a homeostatic control system

1. STIMULUS produces a change in a variable 2. RECEPTOR detects the change 3. INPUT: information is sent along AFFERENT pathway to control center CONTROL CENTER analyzes info and determines the response 4. OUTPUT: information is sent along EFFERENT pathway to EFFECTOR 5. RESPONSE of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level