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AQA History GERMANY > Chapter 1 ; Germany and the growth of the democracy > Flashcards

Chapter 1 ; Germany and the growth of the democracy Flashcards

1
Q

Prior to unification, which state was the most powerful?

A

Prussia

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2
Q

When did Germany become unified?

A

1871

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3
Q

When did Germany become unified?

A

1871

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4
Q

Who became Kaiser?

A

Wilhelm II

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5
Q

Where was Wilhelm king before Germany?

A

state of Prussia

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6
Q

How was Wilhelm related to Queen Victoria?

A

her grandson

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7
Q

How was Wilhelm related to King George V?

A

cousins

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8
Q

Define militarism

A

country having strong armed forces

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9
Q

Why did Wilhelm believe in militarism?

A

Was important to state of Prussia

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10
Q

What was the Chancellor?

A

chief minister to Kasier

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11
Q

What was the Bundesrat?

A

representatives from each German state

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12
Q

What was the Bundesrat dominated by?

A

Prussians

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13
Q

What was the Reichstag?

A

parliament

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14
Q

Who elected those in the Reichstag?

A

men 25+

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15
Q

What was the problem with the parliamentary government?

A

Kaiser could ignore advice and make decisions on his own

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16
Q

What did the Reichstag do?

A

debate and vote laws

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17
Q

What did the Kaiser make decisions on alone?

A

military policies
foreign policies

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18
Q

When were the naval laws made?

A

1898-1912

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19
Q

What was the role of Alfred von Tirpitz?

A

Secretary of State of the German Imperial Naval Office

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20
Q

What was the naval law of 1898?

A

have 7 battleships

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21
Q

What was the naval law of 1900?

A

have 38 battleships

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22
Q

What was the naval law of 1906?

A

6 more battleships
dreadnoughts

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23
Q

What was Wilhelm’s ‘Weltpolitik’?

A

having an empire to rival Britain’s

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24
Q

What does weltpolitik mean?

A

world policy

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25
Q

Why did the naval laws cause debt?

A

borrowed money to grow army and build navy

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26
Q

How much debt was Germany in as a result of the naval laws in 1913?

A

490 billion marks

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27
Q

How many workers were in trade unions in 1913?

A

3 million

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28
Q

Why did workers join trade unions?

A

poor working conditions
low wages

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29
Q

How many Germans voted for the Social Democratic Power?

A

1/3 of population

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30
Q

What did the SPD believe in?

A

socialism
rebel + revolution

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31
Q

Define socialism

A

power + wealth shared equally

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32
Q

How many Germans had fought in WWI?

A

11 million

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33
Q

How many German troops died in WWI?

A

2 million

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34
Q

How much did Germany’s debt increase by between 1914 and 1918?

A

trebled
50 million -> 150 million

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35
Q

How many Germans died of food shortages in WWI?

A

750,000

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36
Q

Why did Wilhelm abdicate?

A

had lost control

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37
Q

When was the Kiel mutiny?

A

28th October 1918

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38
Q

When did Kaiser abdicate?

A

9th November 1918

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39
Q

What was the Kiel mutiny?

A

soldiers refused orders
shot each other

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40
Q

Who took over when the Kaiser abdicated?

A

Ebert, leader of SPD

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41
Q

When was the Armistice signed?

A

11th November 1918

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42
Q

Who signed the armistice?

A

new Weimar Republic

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43
Q

In what year was Germany producing more steel and iron than Britain?

A

1913

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44
Q

In what year was Germany producing equal amounts of coal?

A

1913

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45
Q

Who were attracted by the industrialisation in Germany?

A

eastern european immigrants

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46
Q

What industries did Germany dominate Europe in?

A

chemicals
electrical goods

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47
Q

How many people were living in towns and cities by 1910?

A

60%

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48
Q

What problems did the navy laws cause?

A

raised taxes
increased debt
army generals jealous
SPD opposed

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49
Q

Why did the government make social reforms between 1891 and 1903?

A

prevent increased popularity in SPD

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50
Q

What was made illegal in 1891 in social reforms?

A

children U13 to work
women to work 11+ hours
work on a sunday

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51
Q

What was made law in 1900 in social reforms?

A

time off after accident

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52
Q

What was made in 1901 in social reforms?

A

industrial courts

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53
Q

What was the purpose of industrial courts?

A

settle disputes between employers and employees

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54
Q

Where were industrial courts compulsory?

A

200,000 + people

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55
Q

What was done in 1903 in social reforms?

A

health insurance expanded

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56
Q

Who were the November Criminals?

A

politicians who signed ToV

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57
Q

What did the temporary leader Ebert announce that Germany was?

A

democratic republic

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58
Q

When did the Spartacists take control of Berlin?

A

6th January 1919

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59
Q

Who fought the Spartacists when they took Berlin?

A

Freikorps

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60
Q

What were the key points of the Weimar constitution?

A
  • freedom of speech and religion
  • equality under the law
  • everyone over 20 could vote
  • elected president and Reichstag
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61
Q

What is a constitution?

A

rules setting out how a government should work

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62
Q

When was the Weimar Constitution complete?

A

August 1919

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63
Q

What were the weaknesses of the Weimar Constitution?

A
  • november criminals made
  • proportional representation
  • disliked
  • article 48
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64
Q

Why was the proportional representation in the Weimar Constitution a weakness?

A

lots of parties
no majority
law making v slow

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65
Q

Why was the involvement of the November Criminals in the Weimar Constitution a weakness?

A

linked to surrender in WWI

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66
Q

Why was the disliking of the Weimar Constitution a weakness?

A

powerful people disliked it

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67
Q

Who disliked the Weimar Constitution?

A

army generals
upper class
judges
factory owners

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68
Q

What were the three key impacts of war on Germany?

A

bankruptcy
divided society
political instability

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69
Q

Why was Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution a weakness?

A

president had too much power

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70
Q

What was article 48?

A

in national emergency, president could make any law without going through Reichstag

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71
Q

How often was the President of the Weimar elected?

A

7 years

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72
Q

What does proportional representation mean?

A

percentage of national vote = percentage of seats in parliament

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73
Q

What were the strengths of the Weimar Constitution?

A

most advanced democracy in Europe
Reichstag elected by proportional representation
right of free speech and religion
clear balanced system

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74
Q

Why is the clear balanced system in the Weimar a strength?

A

no group or person had too much power
president ; chancellor, reichstag
electorate ; president

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75
Q

Why did the Treaty of Versailles create challenges to the Weimar?

A

reparations
military restrictions
land taken
war guilt clause

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76
Q

What does diktat mean?

A

enforced peace

77
Q

What does dolchstoss mean?

A

stab in the back

78
Q

Who supported the Communists?

A

working class

79
Q

Who supported the social democratic party?

A

working class

80
Q

Who supported the democratic party?

A

middle class

81
Q

Who supported Zentrum party?

A

catholics

82
Q

Who supported the people’s party?

A

middle class

83
Q

Who supported the National people’s party?

A

upper class
middle class
ex-soldiers

84
Q

Who supported the nazis?

A

unemployed
ex-soldiers
middle class
upper class

85
Q

How many political murders happened between 1919-1923?

A

350+

86
Q

What was the purpose for the assassinations between 1919 and 1923?

A

eliminate those responsible for ToV

87
Q

When was the Kapp Putsch?

A

March 1920

88
Q

When was the Red Rising in the Ruhr?

A

March 1920

89
Q

When was the Munich Putsch?

A

8-9 November 1923

90
Q

How many right wing assassins were convicted?

A

none

91
Q

Why were no right wing assassins convicted?

A

judges undermined Weimar
were sympathetic

92
Q

How many left wing assassins were convicted?

A

10

93
Q

When was Matthias Erzberger assassinated?

A

august 1921

94
Q

How was Matthias Erzberger assassinated?

A

shot by right wing group

95
Q

Why was Matthias Erzberger assassinated?

A

signed armistice

96
Q

Who was involved in the Kapp Putsch?

A

Wolfgang Kapp
Freikorps

97
Q

How many Freikorps took Berlin during the Kapp Putsch?

A

5000

98
Q

Why did Kapp Putsch happen?

A

right wing
wanted land back from ToV

99
Q

Why did the Kapp Putsch fail?

A

workers did not support right wing group
no gas, elec, trains or water

100
Q

Why did Kapp fled after the Kapp Putsch?

A

it failed

101
Q

Who was involved in the Red Rising in the Ruhr?

A

left wing workers

102
Q

What happened during the Red Rising in the Ruhr?

A

left wing workers striked
took over towns

103
Q

Why did the Red Rising in the Ruhr fail?

A

government sent freikorps

104
Q

Who was involved in the Munich Putsch?

A

2000 nazis

105
Q

How many stormtroopers were involved in the Munich Putsch?

A

600

106
Q

What happened in the Munich Putsch?

A

short gun battle

107
Q

What was the aim of the Munich Putsch?

A

overturn ToV
destroy communism
restore national glory

108
Q

Why did the Munich Putsch fail?

A

Hitler and Lundendorff arrested

109
Q

When did the French and Belgian troops invade the Ruhr?

A

January 1923

110
Q

How many French and Belgian troops invaded the Ruhr?

A

6000

111
Q

Why did the French and Belgian troops invade the Ruhr?

A

Germany late with instalment of reparations

112
Q

How did the invasion of the Ruhr lead to hyperinflation?

A

passive resistance but continue to pay
print more money
workers spend
shopkeepers increase price
print more money
hyperinflation

113
Q

Who benefited from hyperinflation?

A

people in debt
fixed rents

114
Q

Who did not benefit from hyperinflation?

A

fixed pensions
savings
unaffordable

115
Q

How much did a loaf of bread cost in 1918?

A

0.6 marks

116
Q

How much did a loaf of bread cost in 1923?

A

201 billion marks

117
Q

How much did an egg cost in 1914?

A

0.9 marks

118
Q

How much did an egg cost in 1923?

A

320 billion marks

119
Q

Who became Chancellor and foreign minister in august 1923?

A

Gustav Stressemann

120
Q

When did Stressemann resign as Chancellor?

A

november 1923

121
Q

What was the retenmark?

A

new currency

122
Q

What were the strengths of the Rentenmark?

A

had a real value
ended hyperinflation
recovered German business
improved employment

123
Q

What were the weaknesses of the Rentenmark?

A

people had lost lots of money
did not trust Weimar

124
Q

What was the Dawes Plan?

A

US banks agreed to loan money
reparation reduced to 50 million a year

125
Q

When was the Dawes plan?

A

1924

126
Q

How much money did US banks loan Germany between 1924 and 1930?

A

25 billion dollars

127
Q

What were the strengths of the Dawes plan?

A

reassured allies they would get money
French left Ruhr
industrial output doubled

128
Q

What happened to industrial output as a result of the Dawes plan?

A

doubled

129
Q

What did the allies feel about the Dawes plan?

A

reassured they would get money

130
Q

What did the French do as a result of the Dawes plan?

A

left the Ruhr

131
Q

What were the weaknesses of the Dawes plan?

A

fragile economy relying on US loans
extreme parties furious - Germany had agreed to pay at all

132
Q

What was the Young Plan?

A

reduction of reparations

133
Q

How much were reparations reduced by in the Young Plan?

A

from 6.6 billion to 2 billion

134
Q

How much time did Germany get to pay reparations as a result of the Young Plan?

A

extra 59 years

135
Q

When was the Young Plan?

A

1929

136
Q

What were the strengths of the Young Plan?

A

lower reparations
lower taxes
French left Rhineland
increased confidence in WEIMAR

137
Q

How did the Young Plan improve German industry?

A

lower taxes
public spending power
boosted German industry
+ more jobs

138
Q

What were the weaknesses of the Young Plan?

A

extremist parties resented additional time
payments were still a lot

139
Q

Why did extremist parties dislike the Young Plan?

A

pressure on Germany to pay reparations for a long time

140
Q

Who signed the Locarno Pact?

A

France
Belgium
Germany
Italy
Britain

141
Q

What did the Locarno Pact agree to?

A

Germany accepted new border with France
Rhineland permanently demilitarised

142
Q

What were the strengths of the Locarno Pact?

A

made war less likely
Germany treated as equal

143
Q

What did Stressemann receive as a result of the Locarno Pact?

A

nobel peace prize

144
Q

What were the weaknesses of the Locarno Pact?

A

extremist parties hated that ToV borders had been accepted and confirmed

145
Q

When did Germany join the LON?

A

1926

146
Q

What were the strengths of Germany joining the LON?

A

given place on council - important
boosted confidence in Weimar

147
Q

What were the weaknesses of Germany joining the LON?

A

league was a symbol of ToV which Germany wanted nothing to do with

148
Q

Who signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

A

Germany and 61 countries

149
Q

When was the Kellogg-Briand Pact signed?

A

1928

150
Q

What were the strengths of the Kellogg Briand Pact?

A

germany included not dictated to
Weimar = stable
boosted confidence in Weimar

151
Q

What were the weaknesses of the Kellogg Briand Pact?

A

did nothing to remove hatred terms of ToV

152
Q

What was the aim of the Kellogg Briand Pact?

A

not to use war to achieve foreign policy aims

153
Q

How much of the total possible workforce was unemployed in 1924?

A

4%

154
Q

How many people were unemployed in 1926?

A

2 million

155
Q

How many people were unemployed in 1928?

A

1.3 million

156
Q

When was the Unemployment Insurance act?

A

1927

157
Q

What did the unemployment insurance act do?

A

took 3% of wages from 16.4 million workers and provided 60 marks per week in unemployment and sickness benefits

158
Q

What percentage of wages was taken in the unemployment insurance act?

A

3%

159
Q

How many workers benefited from the unemployment insurance act?

A

16.4 million

160
Q

How much did the workers receive per week from the unemployment insurance act?

A

60 marks

161
Q

How much was the work week shortened by between 1925 and 1927?

A

50 hours->46 hours

162
Q

How much did wages rise by between 1925 and 1928?

A

25%

163
Q

When was rent tax introduced to fund building associations?

A

1925

164
Q

What was the rent tax introduced to fund building associations?

A

15%

165
Q

How many homes were built between 1925 and 1929 by private building companies?

A

37,000

166
Q

How many houses were built between 1925 and 1929 by building associations?

A

64,000

167
Q

When was the Reich Pension Law introduced?

A

1920

168
Q

Who benefited from the Reich Pension Law?

A

war veterans
war widows
parents of dead servicemen

169
Q

How many people were in education in 1928 compared with 1914?

A

70,000 in 1914
110,000 in 1928

170
Q

How many women were working in 1918 compared to in 1925?

A

1918 - 75%
1925 - 36%

171
Q

What happened to part time work for women between 1924 and 1929?

A

increased

172
Q

What did teaching and medicine offer to women?

A

new opportunities

173
Q

What were women encouraged to do between 1924 and 1929?

A

go to university

174
Q

What did greater earning power mean for women between 1924 and 1929?

A

more independence

175
Q

Who disliked the social change in women’s lives?

A

men and some women who felt tradition was eroding

176
Q

How did some women feel about new opportunities and freedoms between 1924 and 1929?

A

daunting
challenging

177
Q

How did conservatives and traditionalists feel about new opportunities and freedoms between 1924 and 1929?

A

should concentrate on being wives and motherhood

178
Q

What did some people blame on the new opportunities and freedoms between 1924 and 1929?

A

economic instability

179
Q

What caused energy towards art and culture in the 1920s?

A

imperial regime removed
weimar was democratic - freedom
economic recovery created wealth

180
Q

What was new objectivism?

A

idea that art should show realistic view including poverty

181
Q

What was modernism?

A

idea that art should
embrace future and change

182
Q

What was expressionism?

A

idea that art should reflect thoughts and feelings

183
Q

What was the Bauhaus movement?

A

style that stressed beauty in technology, simple line and craftsmanship

184
Q

Who as the head of the bauhas design college?

A

Walter Gropius

185
Q

How did government support lead to spread of art and culture?

A

gave grants to support art galleries, theatres, orchestras, museums and libraries

186
Q

Give examples of art during the Golden age

A

avant garde
Otto Dix
George Grosz

187
Q

What does avant garde mean?

A

critical of current events

188
Q

Give examples of literature in the Golden Age

A

All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Remarque

AQA History GERMANY (3 decks)

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