CHAPTER 1 (HISTORY, INTRO) Flashcards

history, introduction, specimen collection (51 cards)

1
Q

study of parasites, organisms that
live on and obtain their nutrients from another
organism, a field known as

A

parasitology

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2
Q

invasion in
the body

A

infection

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3
Q

invasion on the body

A

infestation

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4
Q

transport carriers known as

A

vectors

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5
Q

Even though treatment, prevention, and control
measures are available, parasitic infections still
occur and thus it is important to study
and monitor their trends, a field known as

A

epidemiology

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6
Q

Although they are distributed worldwide,
most parasitic infections are found in

A

underdeveloped tropical and subtropical countries
such as Haiti, Guatemala, and Myanmar
(Burma) and countries on the African continent

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7
Q

Populations at Risk for
Contracting Parasites

A

Individuals in underdeveloped areas and countries
Refugees
Immigrants
Visitors from foreign countries
Individuals who are immunocompromised
Individuals living in close quarters (e.g., prisons)
Children who attend day care centers

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8
Q

Modes of Parasite Transmission

A

Ingestion of contaminated food or drink (primarily water)
Hand-to-mouth transfer
Insect bite
Entry via drilling through the skin
Unprotected sexual relations
Mouth-to-mouth contact
Droplet contamination
Eye contact with infected swimming water

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9
Q

Parasite that is capable of existing independently of a host

A

Facultative parasite

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10
Q

Parasite that cannot survive outside of a host

A

Obligatory parasite

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11
Q

Parasite that is established inside of a host

A

Endoparasite

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12
Q

Parasite that is established in or on the exterior surface of a host

A

Ectoparasite

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13
Q

Host other than the normal one that is harboring a parasite

A

Accidental or incidental host

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14
Q

Host in which the adult sexual phase of parasite development occurs

A

Definitive host

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15
Q

Host in which the larval asexual phase of parasite development occurs

A

Intermediate host

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16
Q

Host harboring parasites that are parasitic for humans and from which humans may
become infected

A

Reservoir host

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17
Q

Host responsible for transferring a parasite from one location to another

A

Transport host

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18
Q

Parasite-harboring host that is not exhibiting any clinical symptoms but can infect
others

A

Carrier

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19
Q

Living together; the association of two living organisms, each of a different species

A

Symbiosis

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20
Q

Association of two different species of organisms that is beneficial to one and neutral to
the other

A

Commensalism

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21
Q

Association of two different species of organisms that is beneficial to both

22
Q

Association of two different species of organisms that is beneficial to one at the other’s
expense

23
Q

Relating to commensalism; the association between two different organisms in which
one benefits and has a neutral effect on the other

24
Q

Parasite that has demonstrated the ability to cause disease

25
Which of the following people may be at risk for contracting a parasitic infection? A. A toddler who attends an all-day preschool or day care center B. A 25-year-old man who lives on his own in an apartment complex C. A 37-year-old South American refugee D. More than one of these: _______________ (specify)
A and C
26
Although parasitic life cycles range from simple to complex, they all have three common components
a mode of transmission, a morphologic form that invades humans, known as the infective stage, and one (or more) forms that can be detected via laboratory retrieval methods, known as the diagnostic stage
27
Which of the following are key discoveries that contributed to current knowledge about parasites? A. Consistent status quo preservation of samples B. Techniques that indicate only the presence or absence of parasites C. Modifications of traditional parasite identification techniques D. Decrease in parasite incidence because of global travel
28
The information in this phase provides an understanding of the symptomatology and pathology of the parasite. Insights about the best the method of diagnosis and selection of appropriate antiparasitic medication may also be determined.
phase involves the route a parasite follows when in or on the human body
29
phase that provides crucial information pertinent to epidemiology, prevention, and control.
[DIAGNOSTIC STAGE] the route a parasite follows independently of the human body
30
Which of the following key pieces of information may be extracted from the portion of a parasite’s life cycle that occurs outside the body? (Objective 1-11) A. Parasitic disease symptoms and disease processes B. Epidemiology and prevention and control measures C. Appropriate parasite diagnosis methodologies D. Selection of appropriate antiparasitic medication
B. Epidemiology and prevention and control measures
31
A parasitic disease may affect the entire body or any of its parts. The major body areas associated with such processes include the following:
(1) the gastrointestinal (GI) and urogenital (UG) tracts; (2) blood and tissue; (3) liver, lung, and other major organs; and (4) miscellaneous locations, such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), eye, skin, and extremities.
32
Which of the following groups of symptoms represents those most commonly observed in parasitic A. Diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and anemia B. Enlargement of the spleen, fever, and chills C. Skin lesions, abdominal pain, and diarrhea D. Abdominal cramping, abdominal pain, and diarrhea
33
Which of the following represent examples of available treatment therapies to combat parasitic infections? A. Regulated exercise plan B. Change in diet C. Avoidance of vitamin supplements D. More than one of these: ______________ (specify)
B. Change in diet
34
Symptoms Associated with Parasitic Disease Processes
Diarrhea Fever Chills Abdominal pain Abdominal cramping Elephantiasis Anemia Vitamin deficiency Bowel obstruction Edema Enlargement of major organs Skin lesions Blindness
35
Parasite Treatment Options
Antiparasitic medications Change in diet Vitamin supplements Fluid replacement Blood transfusion Bed rest
36
The problem of eradicating parasites is an ongoing process and is a key goal of international health groups such as the
World Health Organization (WHO) and Doctors Without Borders (Médecins Sans Frontières [MSF]).
37
Parasite Prevention and Control Strategies
Development and implementation of parasite awareness education programs Use of insecticides and other chemicals Use of protective clothing Use of protective netting Proper water treatment Good personal hygiene Proper sanitation practices Proper handling, cooking, and protection of food Avoidance of unprotected sexual relations
38
the most commonly submitted sample for parasitic studies
Stool
39
Which of the following are examples of possible parasite prevention and control measures? (Objective 1-15) A. Avoiding the use of insecticides B. Practicing unprotected sex C. Practicing proper sanitation practices D. More than one of these: ________________ (specify)
C. Practicing proper sanitation practices
40
A process to remove fecal debris, which often resembles parasitic forms, is performed on a portion of sample after a preservative is added to it. Microscopic analysis of the resultant processed sample follows. This traditional parasite recovery method, often referred to as an
O&P, in which “O” stands for ova (eggs) and “P” stands for parasites
41
Other specimens, including _____ may also be examined for the presence of parasites
blood, tissue biopsies, CSF, sputum, urine, and genital material
42
is the procedure of choice for blood samples submitted for parasite study.
Giemsa stain followed by microscopic examination
43
a methodology for recovery of pinworm eggs
Cellophane tape preparation
44
for recovery of several parasites
Enterotest (string test)
45
Newer Parasite Laboratory Diagnosis Techniques
Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) Latex agglutination (LA) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Rapid immunochromatography technique
46
Suspicious forms that visually resemble parasites in terms of size and morphology are commonly encountered and are often referred to as
artifacts and/or confusers
47
polymorphonuclear leukocytes average 15 μm in size are artifacts or confusers of what parasite?
Entamoeba histolytica
48
Plant cells, as another example, resemble or acts as artifacts or confusers of what parasite?
Ascaris lumbricoides egg
49
artifacts and confusers also often referred to as
pseudoparasites
50
Which of the following specimen type is most often submitted for parasite study? A. Blood B. Sputum C. Urine D. Stool
D. Stool
51
Which of the following correctly represents the three major groups of clinically significant parasites? A. Protozoa—worms; Metazoa—single-celled parasites; Arthropods—insects and their allies B. Protozoa—insects and their allies; Metazoa—worms; Arthropods—single-celled parasites C. Protozoa—single-celled parasites; Metazoa—worms; Arthropods—insects and their allies D. Protozoa—single-celled parasites; Metazoa—insects and their allies; Arthropods—worms
D. Protozoa—single-celled parasites; Metazoa—insects and their allies; Arthropods—worms