OL-LEC-1 INTRO Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
Study of worms
A
Helmintology
2
Q
Study of protozoans
A
Protozology
3
Q
Stage of parasite to identify accurately what parasite is present on the sample
A
Diagnostic Stage
4
Q
What are the 4 STH?
A
Ascaris lumbricoides
Ancylostoma duodenale & Necator americanus
Trichuris trichiura
Strongyloides stercoralis
5
Q
Percentage of hookworm in this country between the two hookworms
A
Necator americanus: 70%
Ancylostoma duodenale: 30%
6
Q
Egg that is still in the uterus of the female species
A
ovum
7
Q
2 forms of larvae stage specifically of nematodes
A
Flariform larvae
Rhabditiform larvae
8
Q
the infective stage; long, thread-like; often “designed” for penetration
A
Filariform larvae
9
Q
characterized by the presence of a muscular
esophagus and bulbular pharynx. The first “molt “ worms after leaving the egg are termed “________”
A
Rhabditiform larvae
10
Q
Staging of the developmental process of helminths
A
- Egg/ovum
- Larvae
- Adult
11
Q
Developmental stages of protozoans
A
- Cysts
- Tropozhoite
12
Q
Resistance stage of the protozoan
A
Cysts
13
Q
Vegetative or parasitic stage of protozoan
A
Trophozoite
14
Q
Largest intestinal amoeba
A
Entamoeba coli cysts
15
Q
The only pathogenic intestinal amoeba
A
Entamoeba histolytica
16
Q
The only known ciliate to cause human infection
A
Balantidium coli
17
Q
Examples of commensal protozoans
A
Endolimax nana
Chilomastix mesneli (mesnili on net?)
18
Q
Features of the parasite that can be observed by the eyes
A
morphology
19
Q
What is the magnitude of the diseases
A
epidemiology
20
Q
What are the diseases it cause
A
pathogenecity
21
Q
What procedures do we do in order to determine the presence or absence of the parasite
A
laboratory diagnosis
22
Q
Where we can commonly find the parasite
A
distribution and life cycles
23
Q
where is filariasis more commonly found in the Philippines?
A
southern Philippines (mindanao)
24
Q
Difference of control and preventation
A
control- mitigate the effect
prevention- prevent the disease to ever happen
25
The area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another
Parasitology
26
Deals with parasites which infect man, the diseases they produce, the response generated by him against them and various methods of diagnosis and prevention
Clinical Parasitology
27
An organism that is entirely dependent on another organism for all part of its life cycle and metabolic requirements
Parasiteq
28
The organism which a parasite relies on
host
29
small, unicellular and multiplies within vertebrate host (type of parasite)
Microparasites
30
Examples of microparasites
bacteria, protozoans, viruses
31
large, multicellular, no direct reproduction within its vertebrate host (type of parasite)
Macroparasites
32
Example of macroparasites
helminths
33
A non living parasite that only becomes living when it penetrates a living host
Virus
34
Types of helminths
Roundworms (Nematodes)
Flukes (Trematodes)
Tapeworms (Cestodes)
Thorny-headed worms (Acanthocephala)
35
Type of helminth that only affects animals, rarely humans
Thorny-headed worms (Acanthocephala)
36
Classification of parasites according to location (habitat)
Ectoparasites and Endoparasites`
37
lives on the surface of the skin/ temporarily invade superficial tissues of the host
Ectoparasites
38
Ectoparasites causes?
Infestation
39
Live within the body of the host
Endoparasites
40
Endoparasites causes?
Infection
41
Parasite that infects are called?
Endoparasites
42
Parasites that infest are called?
Ectoparasite
43
All protozoans and helminths are what type of parasite according to habitat?
Endoparasites
44
Organisms that cannot exist without a host
Obligate parasite
45
Organisms that under favorable circumstances may live either parasitic or free-living existence
Facultative parasite
46
Organisms that attack an unusual host
Accidental parasites
47
organisms that attack a host where they cannot live or develop further
Aberrant parasites
48
Non-parasitic stages of existence which are lived independently of a host
Free-living
49
Examples of ectoparasites
Lice
Ticks
Mites
Flea
50
Scientific name head lice
Pediculus humanus capitis
51
Scientific name body lice
Pediculus humanus corporis
52
Flea scientific name
Siphonaptera spp.
53
Examples of Siphonaptera
Xenopsylla cheopis (oriental rat flea)
54
Xenopsylla cheopis causes what disease?
Bubonic plague
55
Ticks scientific name
Ixodes spp.
56
Examples of obligate parasites
Toxoplasma gondii
57
Example of facultative parasites
Naegleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba
58
Naegleria fowleri causes?
PAM - Primary amebic meningoencephalitis
59
Acanthamoeba enters in what part of the body?
Periorbital/ orbital region
60
Naegleria fowleri enters on what part of the body?
Nasal cavity
61
Example of accidental parasite
Echinococcus granulosus
62
Echinococcus granulosus main hosts
Dog- definitive
Sheep - intermediate
63
Aberrant parasites examples
Toxocara canis
Toxocara cati
64
Classification of mites
Mesostigmata
Prostigmata
Astigmata
65
Respiratory opening of mites
stigmata
66
Differentiate mesostigmata, prostigmata, astigmata
Mesostigmata: Stigmata between 3rd and 4th coxa (legs) found in both sides and also has a peritreme
Prostigmata: Stigmata between ears
Astigmata: No stigmata
67
vector borne diseases examples
Filariasis
Malaria
Dengue
Chikungunya
Zika
Yellow fever
68
Examples of mosquito species
Anopheles spp.
Aedes spp.
Culex spp.
Mansonia spp.
69
Arboviral diseases
Dengue
Chikungunya
Zika
Yellow fever
70
Arboviral diseases causing mosquito
Aedes aegypti
71
Wuchereria bancrofti mosquito (filariasis)
Culex
72
Brugia malayi mosquito (filariasis)
Mansonia
73
Malaria mosquito (plasmodium species)
Anopheles spp.
74
Ticks stigmata are found in?
Metastigmata (meaning they have complex breathing apparatus, these are known as spiracles and are located on either side of the idiosoma)
75
soft ticks
Argasidae
76
hard ticks
Ixodidae
77
Classification of parasites according to disease spectrum
acute, chronic, commensal, opportunistic
78
Examples of acute disease causing parasites
Plasmodium spp.
Trypanosoma spp.
Entamoeba histolytica
79
Examples of chronic disease causing parasites
Toxoplasma gondii
Plasmodium spp.
Echinococcus granulosus
Schistosoma spp.
Taenia solium
80
Examples of commensal parasites
Entamoeba gingivalis
81
are organisms that typically do not cause disease in healthy individuals but can cause infections or diseases when the host's immune system is compromised or when other predisposing factors are present.
opportunistic parasites
82
Examples of commensal parasites
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Toxoplasma gondii
Cryptosporidium spp.
Candida species
Strongyloides stercoralis
83
Examples of blood residing parasites
Plasmodium spp.
Leishmania
Trypanosoma
Babesia
84
Plasmodium targets what part of the blood and causes what?
Red blood cells - Malaria
85
Leishmania targets what part of the blood and causes what?
WBC specifically macrophage/ monocyte - Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar
86
Trypanosoma causes what disease and what is its vector
African Trypanosomiasis, also known as “sleeping sickness”
Tsetse fly
87
Babesia targets what cell and causes what disease?
RBC - Babesiosis
88
Eye parasites
Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus
Mansonella perstans - (not really, ugandan eye worm ang name pero very rare na it affects the eyes, ang main target is connective tissue)
89
Lymphatic parasites
Brugia spp.
Wuchereria bancrofti
90
Calssification of parasites according to mode of transmission
fecal-oral
skin penetration
soil transmitted
91
where sexual reproduction of the parasite takes place or in which the most highly developed formed of the parasite occurs
Definitive host
92
When the most mature form of the parasite is not obvious, what will we consider as the definitive host?
Mammalian host
93
Where the larval or asexual stages of a parasite is found
Intermediate host
94
Where the larval stage of a parasite survives but does not develop further
Paratenic host
95
Harbors the parasite and serves as an important source of infection to other susceptible hosts
Reservoir host
96
Important to notice in the control of parasitic diseases in epidemiology
Reservoir host
97
Plasmodium knowlesi reservoir host
Macaque monkeys
98
Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Flea (Siphonaptera):
Dipylidium caninum
Hymenolepis diminuta
99
Parasites with no intermediate hosts
Protozoans:
Entamoeba histolytica
Giardia lambia
Chilomastix mesnili
Balantidium coli
Trichomonas vaginalis
Helminths:
Enterobius vermicularis
Hymenolepis nana
STHs (Ascaris, Trichuris, Hookworms)
100
Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Man:
Echinococcus granulosus
Plasmodium spp.
101
Triatoma genus (Triatomine bugs)
Rhodnius
Triatoma
Panstrongylus
102
Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Pig:
Taenia solium
Trichenella spiralis
103
Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Cattle:
T. saginata
104
Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Triatoma/ Reduviid/ Assasin bug:
Tryponosoma cruzi
105
Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Mosquito (Aedes, Anopheles, Mansonia)
Brugia Malayi
106
Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Mosquito (Aedes, Anopheles in rural areas;
Culex quinquefasciatus in urban areas)
Wuchureria bancrofti
107
Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Snail
Schistosoma spp.
108
Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Copepod/ water fleas
Dracunculus medinensis
109
Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Sandfly: Lutzomyia, Phlebotomus spp.
Leishmania
110
Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Tsetse fly: glossina spp.
Trypanosoma spp.
111
Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Chrysops/ Deer fly/ Mango fly/ Tabanid fly: C. dimidiate C. silocea
Loa loa
112
Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Simulium/ Black fly
Onchocerca volvulus
113
Parasites with 2 intermediate hosts
snail, fish
Clonorchis sinensis
114
Parasites with 2 intermediate hosts
Cyclops, fish
Diphyllobotrium latum
115
Parasites with 2 intermediate hosts
Snail, plant
Fasciola spp.
116
Parasites with 2 intermediate hosts
Snail, freshwater crustaceans
Paragonimus westermani
117
Only Schistosoma found in the Philippines
Schistosoma japonicum
118
Schistosoma japonicum intermediate host
Oncomelania spp.
119
Schistosoma japonicum intermediate host
MOST COMMON IN THE PHILIPPINES
Oncomelania quadrasi variety hepensis
Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi -net
120
Schistosoma mansoni host
Biomphalaria spp.
121
Schistosoma haematobium
Bulinus spp
122
Common house fly common name
Musca domestica
123
Insect bite method of transmission
Inoculation
124
Two species of tsetse fly
Glossina palpalis
Glossina morsitans
125
Other term for definitive host
Final host
126
Other term for intermediate host
Secondary host
127
Two types of intermediate host
Primary and Secondary INTERMEDIATE host
(label it kasi primary and secondary can be used as other terms of definitive and intermediate host)
128
An animal infection that is naturally transmissible to humans either directly or indirectly via a vector
Zoonosis
129
Zoonotic source and disease of Trypanosoma cruzi
Triatoma bug
American trypanosomiasis/ Chaga's disease
130
Zoonotic source and disease of Crytosporidium parvum
Animals
Cryptosporidiosis
131
Zoonotic source and disease of
Fasciola hepatica and gigantica
Snail, plants
Fascioliasis
132
Zoonotic source and disease of
Echinococcus granulosus
Dog
Hydatid Disease
133
Zoonotic source and disease of
Leishmania spp.
Sand fly
Leishmaniasis
134
Zoonotic source and disease of
Schistosoma
haematobium
japonicum
mansoni
Fresh water snail
Bulinus spp
Oncomelania spp
Biomphalaria spp
schistosomiasis
135
Zoonotic source and disease of
Trichinella spiralis
Bears, pigs, rats
Trichinosis
136
Agent that transmits infection from human host to another
Vector
137
Assists in the transfer of parasitic forms between host but is not essential in the life cycle
Mechanical vector
138
Mechanical vector of Ascaris lumbricoides
Periplaneta americana (american cockroach)
139
Mechanical vector of Entamoeba histolytica
Musca domestica (common housefly)
140
Disease caused by Musca domestica by Entamoeba histolytica
Amoebic dysentery (amebiasis)
141
Differentiate male and female mosquito
Male antennae are bushy
142
Distinct characterization of Anopheles spp.
proboscis is same length with pulps
143
Differentiate male and female flies
males have darker last two abdomens
144
both host and parasite are dependent with each other
Symbiosis
145
Only the parasite derives benefit without causing an injury to the host
Commensalism
146
The parasite benefits and the host suffers
Parasitism
147
Sources of parasitic infection (TABLE)
modes of transmission or routes of transmission - sir
Contaminated soil (with human excrements)
Contaminated water (with human excrements)
Freshwater fishes
Freshwater crabs, crayfishes, and other crustaceans
Raw undercooked pork and beef
Freshwater aquatic plants (watercress)
Bloodsucking insects
Housefly
Dogs
Cat
Man
Auto infection
148
Soil transmitted helminths
Ascaris lumbricoides
Hookworms
Trichuris trichiura
Strongyloides sterocoralis
149
Contaminated water examples of source of parasite
Intestinal protozoans
Balantidium coli
Entamoeba histolytica
Giardia lamblia
150
Contaminated water examples of source of parasite
Cestodes
Hymenolepis nana
Taenia solium
151
Contaminated water examples of source of parasite
Trematodes
Schistosoma spp.
152
Freshwater fishes examples of source of parasite
Diphyllobothrium latum
Clonorchis sinensis
Opisthorchis viverrini
Opisthorchis felineus
153
Caused by S. haematobium by entering the genital areas of females by merely coming in contact with infested waters
genitourinary schistosomiasis
154
Freshwater crabs, crayfishes, and other crustaceans examples of source of parasite
Paragonimus westermani
155
Raw uncooked pork examples of source of parasite
Sarcocystis suihominis
Trichinella spiralis
Taenia solium
156
Raw uncooked beef examples of source of parasite
Sarcocystis hominis
Taenia saginata
Toxoplasma gondii
157
Freshwater aquatic plants examples of source of parasite
Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica
158
Bloodsucking insects examples of source of parasite
Blood protozoans: Plasmodium spp. Babesia spp.
Filarial worms:
Lymphatic = Wuchereria and Brugia
Non Lymphatic = Mansonella spp. Onchocerca volvulus
Non Filarial worms:
Dirofilaria spp.
Blood flagellates:
Leishmania spp. Trypanosoma cruzi, brucei
159
Housefly examples of source of parasite
Entamoeba histolytica
160
Dog examples of source of parasite
Echinococcus granulosus
Toxocara canis
161
Cat examples of source of parasite
Toxocara cati
162
Man examples of source of parasite
Entamoeba histolytica
Enterobius vermicularis
Hymenolepis nana
163
Autoinfection examples of source of parasite
Enterobius vermicularis
Strongyloides stercoralis
164
You infected your ownself
Autoinfection
165
Unordinary mode of transmission
Retroinfection
166
Sources of parasitic infection
Blood-borne/ Organ Transplantation
Food-borne
Laboratory-acquired
Soil-transmitted
Vector-borne
167
Modes of transmission
Ingestion/ Fecal-oral route
Skin
Sexual contact
Kissing/ sharing contaminated drinking utensils
Congenital
Inhalation
Latrogenic (transfusion transmitted)
168
Ingestion/ Fecal-oral route transmitted parasites
Intestinal protozoans
STHs
C. sinensis
D. latum
E. vermicularis
Fasciolopsis buski
F. hepatica
P. westermani
T. spiralis
T. saginata
T. solium
169
Skin transmitted parasites
Hookworms, S. stercoralis
Schistosoma spp. (direct contact)
Blood protozoans, filarial worms (inoculation)
170
Sexual contact transmitted parasites
E. histolytica
G. lambia
Trichomonas vaginalis
171
Kissing/ sharing contaminated drinking utensils transmitted parasites
Entamoeba gingivalis
172
Congenital transmitted parasites
Plasmodium spp., T. gondii
173
Inhalation transmitted parasites
E. vermicularis
174
Latrogenic (transfusion transmitted) transmitted parasites
Plasmodium spp. (trophozoite-induced/ transfusion malaria)
175
How parasites cause damage to the body
Traumatic damage
Lytic necrosis
Competition for certain nutrients
Inflammatory reactions
Allergic manifestations
Neoplasia
Secondary infection
176
Lytic necrosis causing example parasites
E. histolytica
Leishmania spp.
Plasmodium spp
Trypanosoma cruzi
Toxoplasma gondiiCo
177
Competition for certain nutrients causing example of parasites
Pernicious anemia due to D. latum (B12)
178
Traumatic damage causing parasites
Hookworms
S. stercoralis
Schistosoma spp.
Ascaris
Taenia
179
Hookworm, S. stercoralis and cercarial larvae of Schistosoma spp. mode of traumatic damage
Damage to the skin by flariform larvae
180
Inflammatory reactions caused by parasites
Eosinophilia
Hemolytic, iron deficiency, pernicious anemia
Intestinal inflammation
Proliferation of RECs
181
Allergic manifestations of parasites
Anaphylaxis
Dermatitis
Eosinophilia
Urticaria
182
Neoplasia causing parasites
C. sinensis and Opsitorchis viverrini
(Cholangiocarcinoma)
S. haematobium
(Vesical carcinoma)
183
Bacterial and viral infections due to parasitosis
Secondary infection
184
