Chapter 1: Homeostasis

Question 1

Hierarchy of Cellular Organization

Answer 1

Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organ Systems > Organism

Question 2

Muscle Cells

Answer 2

specialized to generate mechanical force

Question 3

What are the three types of muscle cells?

Answer 3

Cardiac, Skeletal, Smooth

Question 3

Which muscle tissue(s) are involuntary?

Answer 3

Cardiac and Smooth

Question 3

Which muscle tissue(s) are voluntary?

Answer 3

Skeletal

Question 3

Neuron

Answer 3

nervous cell specialized to initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical signals to other cells

Question 3

What does a collection of neruons form?

Answer 3

Nervous tissue
brain or spinal cord

Question 3

What are the two functions of epithelial cells?

Answer 3

selective secretion and absorption of ions and molecules; protection

Question 3

Nerve

Answer 3

cellular extensions from many neurons packaged with connective tissue

Question 3

What is a single-cell-thick tissue of epithelia called?

Answer 3

Simple

Question 3

What are the four types of epithelial cells?

Answer 3

cuboidal, columnar, squamous, ciliated

Question 3

What side of the epithelial cell is attached to the basement membrane?

Answer 3

Basolateral side

Question 4

What is a thick tissue of many layers of epithelium called?

Answer 4

Stratified

Question 4

What side of the epithelial cell is NOT bound to the basement membrane?

Answer 4

Apical side

Question 4

What are the two functions of a tight junction in epithelium?

Answer 4

-enables epithelia to form boundaries between body compartments
-selective barriers regulating the exchange of molecules

Question 4

Connective Tissues

Answer 4

connect, anchor, and support body structures

Question 5

What are the six types of connective tissue?

Answer 5

loose, dense, blood, bone, cartilage, adipose

Question 6

What surrounds cells?

Answer 6

Extracellular matrix

Question 7

What constitutes the extracellular matrix?

Answer 7

proteins, polysaccharides, sometimes minerals

Question 8

What are the two functions of the ECM?

Answer 8

-scaffolding for cellular attachments
-transmits information

Question 9

ECM proteins can be

Answer 9

Fibers (collagen or elastin)

Question 10

Organ

Answer 10

two or more of the four tissue types

Question 11

Organ system

Answer 11

collection of organs that together perform an overall function

Question 12

Extracellular fluid

Answer 12

fluid OUTSIDE cells, in the blood

Question 13

Plasma

Answer 13

fluid portion of the blood

Question 14

What makes up the majority of the extracellular fluid?

Answer 14

Interstitial fluid

Question 15

What are the two components of the extracellular fluid?

Answer 15

-plasma -interstitial fluid

Question 16

What is the space containing the interstitial fluid called?

Answer 16

Interstitium

Question 17

Where is intracellular fluid located?

Answer 17

inside of cells

Question 18

What's one way cells can regulate their own activity?

Answer 18

maintain differences in fluid composition across cell membrane

Question 19

Homeostasis

Answer 19

physiological variables in dynamic constancy

Question 20

What is meant by 'dynamic constancy'?

Answer 20

Levels change over a short period of time, but remain relatively constant over long periods of time

Question 21

Pathophysiology

Answer 21

When homeostasis is not maintained

Question 22

Positive Feedback

Answer 22

Enhances the production of the product or accelerates a process

Question 23

Negative Feedback

Answer 23

Slows down the production of a product; corrective response

Question 24

Reflex

Answer 24

an involuntary, "built in" response to a particular stimulus

Question 25

Reflex Arc

Answer 25

The pathway mediating a reflex

Question 26

Stimulus

Answer 26

A detectable change in the internal or external environment

Question 27

Recpetor

Answer 27

Detects the environmental change

Question 28

Integrating centre

Answer 28

Receives signals and sends them on the AFFERENT pathway

Question 29

Efferent pathway

Answer 29

Outgoing pathway

Question 29

Hormone

Answer 29

A chemical messenger secreted into the blood by endocrine cells

Question 29

Afferent pathway

Answer 29

ingoing pathway

Question 29

Where do hormones affect?

Answer 29

Cells far away in the body

Question 29

Neurotransmitters

Answer 29

Chemical messengers released from the endings of neurons onto other neurons, muscle, or gland cells

Question 29

Where do neurotransmitters affect?

Answer 29

Cells in close proximity

Question 29

Where do paracrine substances affect?

Answer 29

Cells in close proximity to the site of release

Question 30

Can neurons and endocrine cells secrete the same chemical messenger?

Answer 30

Yes, but it may function differently

Question 30

Adaptation

Answer 30

Refers to a characteristic that favours survival in specific environments

Question 30

Gap junction

Answer 30

Physical linkages connecting cytosol of two cells, allowing molecules to move from one cell to another without entering extracellular fluid

Question 30

Where do autocrine substances affect?

Answer 30

Acts on the cell from which it was released

Question 30

Which is reversible: adaptation or acclimatization?

Answer 30

Acclimatization

Question 30

Juxtacrine signalling

Answer 30

One cell binds to the protein on the surface of another cell

Question 30

Acclimatization

Answer 30

Improved functioning of an already existing homeostatic system

Question 31

Circadian rhythm

Answer 31

One 24h cycle

Question 32

Biological rhythms add what to homeostatic control?

Answer 32

Anticipatory component

Question 33

Negative balance

Answer 33

loss > gain

Question 34

Positive balance

Answer 34

gain > loss

Question 35

Stable balance

Answer 35

gain = loss

Question 36

Structure indicates _____

Answer 36

Function

Question 37

What is the most important factor throughout the life cycle?

Answer 37

Homeostasis