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Physiology > Chapter 6: Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Nerves that connect brain and spinal cord with muscles, glands, sense organs, tissues

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3
Q

Neuron

A

Functional unit of the nervous system

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4
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Glial cells forming myelin sheath

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5
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

Conserves energy by speeding up conduction of electrical signal along axons

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6
Q

In what system are the Schwann cells in?

A

PNS

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7
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Transmits information INTO the CNS

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8
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Transmits information OUT OF the CNS

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9
Q

Interneurons

A

Integrators; most abundant type of neuron

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10
Q

Synapse

A

Uses chemical and electrical stimuli to pass information

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11
Q

What are the possible functions of a synapse? (2)

A

Can be inhibitory or excitatory

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12
Q

Glial Cells

A

“glue” cells with many different functions

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13
Q

Astrocytes

A

Glial cell involved in regulating neuron environment

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14
Q

Microglia

A

Glial, macrophage-like cell that performs immune functions

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15
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Glial cell that forms separation between nervous system and the rest of the body

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16
Q

What do ependymal cells produce?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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17
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Create the myelin sheath

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18
Q

What forms an embryo’s neurons?

A

Stem cells

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19
Q

Growth cone

A

Beginning part of a forming axon involved in finding a route and reaching the target

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20
Q

What happens once a growth cone has reached its target?

A

Synapses form

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21
Q

What can affect the development of the fetal nervous system?

A

Chemicals, stimulants, alcohol, radiation, malnutrition, viruses

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22
Q

Plasticity

A

Ability to modify structure and function in response to stimulation

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23
Q

What are two factors affecting electrical force?

A

-concentration difference
-closeness of charges

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24
Q

Ions

A

Electrical molecules

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25
What is/are the intracellular ion(s)?
Potassium (K+)
26
What is/are the extracellular ion(s)?
Sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-)
27
Membrane potential
Opposite charges on either side of the membrane create potential energy
28
Resistors
Resist the movement of ions across a membrane
29
Give an example of a resistor.
-myelin sheath -anything with a nonpolar membrane
30
Conductors
Allows a current to go through it
31
Give an example of a conductor.
Water
32
Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)
The difference between the charge inside and outside the cell; -70mV
33
What changes RMP?
Movement of ions
34
Depolarization
Membrane potential becomes less negative; -60mV
35
Repolarization
Membrane potential returns to -70mV
36
Hyperpolarization
Membrane potential becomes more negative; -80mV
37
Graded potentials
Vary in magnitude based on the strength of the stimulus
38
Where do graded potentials occur?
Locally
39
Action potential
Large, rapid change in membrane potential
40
Excitability
Ability to generate action potentials -neurons and muscle cells
41
From what channel(s) are graded potentials produced?
-ligand-gated ion channels -mechanically gated ion channels
42
From what channel(s) are action potentials produced?
Voltage-gated ion channels
43
Voltage-gated ion channels vary in _____
Which ion they conduct (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-)
44
What is a special feature of the sodium ion channel?
"Ball and chain" formation
45
What happens to the membrane when more Na+ channels open?
It becomes depolarized
46
In what way does Na+ move in an action potential?
Rapidly into the cell
47
In what way does K+ move in an action potential?
Slowly out of the cell
48
What is the main mechanism in creating an action potential?
Na+/K+ pump
49
What do local anesthetics do?
Prevent voltage gated sodium channels from opening
50
Absolute refractory period
During an action potential, another stimulus cannot produce a second action potential at the same time
51
Relative refractory period
Second action potential can be produced but only if the stimulus strength is greater than usual
52
What does the relative refractory period do?
-allows message to travel in one direction down the axon -separation of action potential
53
What do myelin sheaths do?
Allows signals to move faster down axons
54
Saltatory conduction
Action of leaping from one node of ranvier to another
55
What does a larger diameter of neuron mean?
Faster signal
56
Axon hillcock
Where an action potential originates
57
Convergence
Many neurons come to affect one neuron
58
Divergence
One neuron affect many neurons
59
Synapse
Junction between two neurons, or a neuron and another cell
60
Electrical synapse
Gap junction
61
Chemical synapse
Neurotransmitters
62
Excitatory neurotransmitters
Depolarize the postsynaptic neuron (membrane)
63
How must a signal in a chemical synapse be terminated?
Unbound neurotransmitters but be removed from synaptic cleft via: -reuptake -transport to glial cells -diffusion away from receptor site -enzymatic transformation
64
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
Hyperpolarizes postsynaptic neuron (membrane)
65
Tetanus toxin (Clostridium tetani)
targets inhibitory neurons, destroys snare proteins (muscle contracts but does not release)
66
Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)
toxin released by soil bacteria; inhibits excitatory neurons -botox
67
What do drugs do in a chemical synapse?
Block reuptake receptor sites so neurotransmitters cannot be recycled/replenished
68
Neuromodulators
Modify pre/post synaptic cell activity; long term changes
69
Neurotransmitters
Rapid communication
70
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Main neurotransmitter in PNS
71
Cholinergic neurons
Release ACh
72
What is the G-coupled protein associated with ACh?
Muscarinic receptors
73
What is the ligand gated ion channel associated with ACh?
Nicotinic receptors
74
Acetylcholinesterase
Degrades ACh
75
What inhibits acetylcholinesterase?
Nerve gas Sarin
76
Biogenic amines
Small, charged molecules synthesized from amino acids -dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, histamine
77
Adrenergic receptors
Utilized by norepinephrine and epinephrine

Physiology (10 decks)

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