CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION TO COG. PSYCH

Question 1

name the 6 ways memory is used

Answer 1

in memory

as a problem solver

making decisions

something valuable

normal/abnormal functioning

Question 2

define the mind

Answer 2

creates/controls mental functions

Question 3

name 3 mental functions the mind is associated with

Answer 3

perception
attention
memory
emotions
language
deciding
thinking
reasoning

Question 4

define the mind (2)

Answer 4

a system that creates representations of the world with purpose to achieve goals

Question 5

what does the mind (2) demonstrate

Answer 5

the mind’s importance for functioning and survival

Question 6

what 2 words does cognition come from?

Answer 6

gnosco and cogito

Question 7

define cognition

Answer 7

the mental processes like perception, attention, and memory

Question 8

name the 3 components of cognition (philisopical)

Answer 8

structure/representation
process
knowledge

Question 9

define structure/representation

Answer 9

the knowledge you possess

Question 10

define process

Answer 10

using an existing memory representation and updating/reinterpreting/creating a new one

Question 11

define knowledge

Answer 11

personal views/experiences

Question 12

define cognitive psychology

Answer 12

the study of mental processes including determining characteristics of the mind and its operation

Question 13

what type of processes does cognitive psychology refer to?

Answer 13

where sensory info is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used

Question 14

what is performance?

Answer 14

the observable behaviour used as evidence as cognition

Question 15

who’s method is performance-based?

Answer 15

Immanuel Kant

Question 16

who shifted emphasis from sensation/perception to integration of sensory information?

Answer 16

Diogenes of Apollonia

Question 17

who had a theory of air used as the vehicle of cognition?

Answer 17

Greek Philosophers

Question 18

who worked under the idea of universals and particulars?

Answer 18

Plato

Question 19

universals vs particulars

Answer 19

universals: are the real thing being the spiritual realm
particulars: the shadows/copies of the real thing being the physical realm

Question 20

particulars were seen as..

Answer 20

lesser representations of reality

Question 21

who worked under Plato?

Answer 21

Aristotle

Question 22

what did Aristotle theorize?

Answer 22

tabula rasa: people start with nothing and have to learn everything from experience

Question 23

what would Aristotle say about universals and particulars?

Answer 23

universals are part of particulars

Question 24

what was Aristotle’s Doctrine of Association?

Answer 24

contiguity
similarity
conrtast

Question 25

what is contiguity?

Answer 25

the idea that things happen at the same time

Question 26

explain similarity

Answer 26

the idea that things are alike conceptually thus are grouped together

Question 27

explain contrast

Answer 27

things that oppose each other conceptually are still grouped together

Question 28

who were the 1800's psychophysicists?

Answer 28

helmholtz, fechner, weber

Question 29

define psychophysics

Answer 29

study of the relation between the physical characteristics of stimuli and sensations they produce

Question 30

what was the goal of Franciscus Donder's pioneering experiment?

Answer 30

to determine how long it takes to make a decision

Question 31

what did Donder measure?

Answer 31

reaction time

Question 32

what were Donder's 2 kinds of reaction time

Answer 32

simple reaction time | choice reaction time

Question 33

define Donder's simple reaction time

Answer 33

asking participants to push a button as rapidly as possible in response to a light

Question 34

define Donder's choice reaction time

Answer 34

using 2 lights and asking participants to push a specific button corresponding to the light shown

Question 35

how did Donder finalize reaction time/making decisions?

Answer 35

the difference between choice and simple reaction time

Question 36

who founded the first psychology science laboratory and was involved in structuralism?

Answer 36

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 37

define structuralism

Answer 37

the overall experience being determined by combining basic elements of experience sensations

Question 38

Edward Titchener was involved in ___ to pursue what goal?

Answer 38

introspection find the structural elements of the mind

Question 39

define analytic introspection

Answer 39

when trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli

Question 40

why does analytic introspection have issues?

Answer 40

requires extensive training | had unreliable results

Question 41

what did analytic introspection contribute to psychology?

Answer 41

studying the mind under controlled conditions

Question 42

What was Herman Ebbinghaus interested in?

Answer 42

determining the nature of memory/forgetting

Question 43

Ebbinghaus used a ___ method and ___ as the participant

Answer 43

quantitative ; himself

Question 44

what was the structure of Ebbinghaus' experiment?

Answer 44

repeating 13 nonsense syllables to himself at a constant rate

Question 45

what term did Ebbinghaus use to determine how much was forgotten after a particular delay?

Answer 45

savings

Question 46

what is the formula for Ebbinghaus' savings?

Answer 46

- Savings= [(original time taken to learn the list) – (time to relearn the list)]/original time

Question 47

what would smaller savings values mean in Ebbinghaus' experiment?

Answer 47

more forgetting

Question 48

what did Ebbinghaus use to plot memory dropping data?

Answer 48

savings curve/forgetting curve

Question 49

what was the takeaway in Ebbinghaus' method?

Answer 49

memory can be quantified and functions could be used to describe a property of the mind

Question 50

William James was apart of what school of thought?

Answer 50

functionalism

Question 51

define functionalism

Answer 51

focuses on the functions of consciousness rather than its structure

Question 52

what was William James' observation on attention?

Answer 52

paying attention to one thing requires withdrawing from other things

Question 53

what were William James' 2 components of memory?

Answer 53

``` primary = short term secondary = long term ```

Question 54

what was the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Answer 54

emotion does not cause physiological responses

Question 55

explain what the James-Lange theory means

Answer 55

there is a physiological response that one has to interpret and make sense of

Question 56

who was involved in behaviourism and the little albert experiment?

Answer 56

Watson

Question 57

what were Watson's issues with analytic introspection?

Answer 57

1. the variable results from person to person | 2. difficulty in verifying the results due to inner mental process interpretation

Question 58

what was John Watson's goal?

Answer 58

to portray connections between stimuli and responses and avoid mentalism

Question 59

define classical conditioning?

Answer 59

pairing one stimulus with another previously neutral stimulus changing the response to the neutral stimulus

Question 60

who coined the term operant conditioning?

Answer 60

B.F Skinner

Question 61

define operant conditioning

Answer 61

strengthening or weakening a response using positive or negative reinforcers

Question 62

what was Edward Tolman's experiment that re-emerged the mind in psychology?

Answer 62

rat maze experiment

Question 63

what was Tolman's coined term that indicated the rat had a map of the maze in its mind

Answer 63

cognitive map

Question 64

what was Skinners idea of verbal behaviour?

Answer 64

children learn language through operant conditioning by imitating speech they hear and repeating correct/rewarded speech

Question 65

why did Noah Chomsky disagree with Skinner?

Answer 65

children are not rewarded for incorrect grammar or hateful speech

Question 66

when and what was the cognitive revolution?

Answer 66

1950s; shift in psychology from the beahviourist's focus of stimulus-responses to a focus on the operation of the mind

Question 67

describe the information-processing approch

Answer 67

tracing sequences of mental operations involved in cognition

Question 68

explain the diagram of the information-processing approach

Answer 68

input processor --> memory unit --> arithmetic unit --> computer output

Question 69

describe Colin Cherry's experiment based on William James' observation of attention

Answer 69

asking participants to listen to 2 auditory messages simultaneously but focusing on only one

Question 70

describe Donald Broadbent's flow diagram of the mind

Answer 70

input filter detector memory

Question 71

define artificial intelligence

Answer 71

making a machine behave in ways that would be seen as intelligent

Question 72

who created the artificial machine that was envisioned by John McCarthy

Answer 72

Herb Simon and Alan Newell

Question 73

name and describe Simon and Newell's machine

Answer 73

logic theorist ; used human-like processes to solve problems

Question 74

the magical number seven plus or minus two is associated with who?

Answer 74

George Miller

Question 75

what as George Miller's takeaway?

Answer 75

there are limits to the human's ability to process information and that the human mind's limited capacity is about 7 items

Question 76

when was the first cognitive psychology book published? by who?

Answer 76

1967, Neisser

Question 77

what does Neisser address late in his book

Answer 77

higher mental processes

Question 78

what was Neisser interested about in the mind's operation?

Answer 78

how the mind operates but excluding the physiological mechanisms involved

Question 79

name the components in Atkinson and Shiffrin's model of memory

Answer 79

sensory memory short-term memory long-term memory

Question 80

describe sensory memory

Answer 80

holds incoming info for a fraction of a second then passes info along

Question 81

describe short-term memory

Answer 81

has limited capacity and holds information for seconds

Question 82

what can occur in short term memory?

Answer 82

rehearsal, coding, decisions, and retrieval

Question 83

describe long-term memory

Answer 83

high-capacity system that can hold information for a long period of time

Question 84

where can information travel from the long-term memory? what is this considered?

Answer 84

back to short term memory ; remembering

Question 85

who proposed long-term memory can be divided into 3 components?

Answer 85

Endel Tulving

Question 86

name/describe Tulving's 3 components of long-term memory

Answer 86

episodic - events semantic- facts procedural - physical actions

Question 87

define neuropsychology

Answer 87

the study of behaviour of people with brain damage

Question 88

what does neuropsychology proivde?

Answer 88

insights to the brain's function

Question 89

define electrophysiology

Answer 89

measuring electrical response of the nervous system

Question 90

what does electrophysiology provide?

Answer 90

insight into the activity of single neurons

Question 91

what injects radioactive tracers into the blood stream?

Answer 91

positron emission tomography

Question 92

what allows us to see activated brain activity during cognitive task and is better/safer than PET

Answer 92

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Question 93

who illustrated how our knowledge about the environment can influence our perception?

Answer 93

Stephen Palmer