Chapter 1 - Introduction To Human Development

Question 0

Define Developmental psychologists

Answer 0

Psychologists whose primary interests focus on the study of developmental processes and events

Question 1

Define development

Answer 1

The changes over time in the physical structure, thought, or behavior of a person as a result of both biological and environmental influences

Question 2

Define developmental period or stage

Answer 2

A discreet period of the lifespan during which predictable changes occur

Question 3

Define a individualistic culture

Answer 3

Personal interest ^

Question 4

Define a collectivist culture

Answer 4

Interest for others ^

Question 5

Name the four domains of human development

Answer 5

Physical, cognitive, personality, and sociocultural

Question 6

Define theories

Answer 6

Broad frameworks of understanding, organized, coherent sets of ideas that help us understand, explain, and make predictions.

Question 7

Basic ideas of theories include:

Answer 7

• no theory is either right or wrong
• it is best to consider what each theory contributes and to use knowledge to better understand the phenomenon being studies
• theories are based on data
• all theories change over time

Question 8

Name the four theoretical frameworks for human development

Answer 8

Biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive

Question 9

Name the three biological views of human development

Answer 9

Genetics, developmental neuroscience, evolution and natural selection.

Genetics- biological instructions encoded in human genome
Developmental neuroscience- brain science, behavior
Evolution- focuses on adaptation of a species to it’s environment

Question 10

Name two psychologists that approached the psychodynamic approach

Answer 10

Signing Freud and Erik erikson

Question 11

Define a psychodynamic approach

Answer 11

Role of unconscious mind and interactions of psychic processes emphasized

Question 12

Signings Freud thought of two theories in regards to the psychodynamic approach define them

Answer 12

The three processes (id, superego, ego)

Question 13

Erik erikson had theories in regards to psychosocial theory, what did did it emphasize?

Answer 13

It emphasized individual and social interactions in which people pass through eight stages

Question 14

Name the first three psychosexual stages of Freud

Answer 14

Oral, anal, and phallc

Oral- infant experiences pleasure of mouth lips and oral activities especially sucking

Anal- (18ms- 3 years) - child’s pleasure focuses on the anus and the elimination functions

Phallic- child’s pleasure focuses on the gentilas, especially through masturbation

Question 15

Name the last two stages of frauds psyxhosexual stages and explain

Answer 15

Latency- child represses sexual interests and focuses on cognitive and developing cognitive and interpersonal akills

Genital- adolescence triggers the reemergence of sexual impulses with gratification dependent on finding a partner.

Question 16

Name three psychologists that dealt with behavioral views in regards to human development

Answer 16

Pavlov- classical conditioning
Bf skinner- operant conditioning (rewarding vs punishment)
Bandura- social learning theory
What we learn from observing others

Question 17

Name the two psychologists that had a primordial theory on the cognitive views in regards to psychology

Answer 17

Jean Piaget- posited processes of assimilation, accommodation, and schemes, or frameworks, of knowledge
Lev vygotsky- emphasized the importance of learning from other ppl

Question 18

Name the four stages of Piaget in regards to cognitive development

Answer 18

Sensorimotor, per operational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 19

What psychologist introduced an integrative approach? And what did he propose?

Answer 19

Lev vygotsky
Proposed cognitive development is apprenticeships
Argued learning is transmitted through shared meanings of objects and events
Emphasized role of experts or more skilled other in guided participation

Question 20

What do integrative approaches focus on?

Answer 20

Broader focus on all contexts in which humans develop are involved

Question 21

Name another integrative approach psychologist

Answer 21

Urie Bronfenbrenner

Developed bio ecological model that emphasizes interaction between individual and family and societal forces

Systems approach:
Integrates biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and ecological perspectives.

Question 22

Define the bio ecological model

Answer 22

The bioecological model basically tells us that each persons development is influenced by a broad set of biological and environmental factors that continually interact as development unfolds across time.

Influences of family and culture are especially important

Question 23

Lifespan development is:

Answer 23

Lifelong, multi-dimensional, multi directional, plastic, context dependent, historically and culturally embedded, multidisciplinary.

Question 24

The scientific approach to studying human development are:

Answer 24

Methods include Descriptive Longitudinal studies Correlation all research Experiments

Question 25

Name the descriptive methods used to approach human development

Answer 25

``` Case studies Systematic observation Queationnaires Surveys Interviews Psychological tests ```

Question 26

Case studies include

Answer 26

Compilation of information on individual, family, or community through interview, observations, and formal testing Baby biography

Question 27

Systematic observation is:

Answer 27

An observational method in which researchers go into everyday settings and observe and record behavior while being as unobtrusive as possible - naturalistic - laboratory observation

Question 28

Psychological tests include or measure:

Answer 28

Measurement of intellegence or personality traits Must becarefully constructed and administered so that accurate results are obtained

Question 29

Studying development across time: | Include three designs explain them

Answer 29

Longitudinal- same participants are studied at various points in time to see how they change with age. Cross sectional- compares individuals of different ages at one point in time - confounding - cohort effects Sequential cohort design several overlapping cohorts of different ages are studies longitudinally

Question 30

Correlational research includes three coefficients name them and describe them

Answer 30

Correlation- research technique that describes relationship between two variables Correlation coefficient- research technique that describes relationship, or correspondence between to variables. Causation- correlation tells us nothing about causation.