Chapter 2- Heredity And Environment

Question 0

Define protein synthesis

Answer 0

The most significant thing genes do to create proteins

Proteins are molecules that control life

Over 200,000 different proteins have been identified in humans

Question 1

Molecular genetics include the following ideas

Answer 1

DNA is a complex molecule made up of nucleotides and four different bases

Bases from base pairs that should not vary

Basic units of inheritance are genes- delineated pieces of DNA

There are about 25,000 genes in the human body

Question 2

When cells divide what happens

Answer 2

DNA assembles into chromosomes

Question 3

Chromosomes are????

Answer 3

Chains of genes that can be observed directly

Question 4

All cells contain how many chromosomes

Answer 4

23

Question 5

First 22 of those pairs are matching are called

Answer 5

Autosomes

Question 6

The 23rd pair determines?

Answer 6

Sex selection and is labeled XX in females and XY in females

Question 7

Ones chromosomal makeup can be visualized in

Answer 7

Karyotyopes

Question 8

Define mitosis

Answer 8

Cells divide and create two cells with identical sets of chromosomes

Question 9

Define meiosis

Answer 9

Cell division produces ova and sperm, each of which contain one half of the full set of chromosomes

Question 10

Define genotype

Answer 10

Genes individual inherits

Question 11

Define genes

Answer 11

Exist in pairs each half of which is n allele

Question 12

Poly genetic human characteristics are determined by what?

Answer 12

By one gene pair

Question 13

Sex-linked traits are usually passed by what chromosome?

Answer 13

X chromosome

Question 14

Genetic mutations tend to happen when?

Answer 14

During mitosis or meiosis when the DNA molecule is altered during cell division

May be beneficial or detrimental

Question 15

Genetic anomalies involve problems with what

Answer 15

With instructional mechanism of genetic process

Question 16

Sex-linked disorders occur when?

Answer 16

Occur when gametes do not replicate correctly or when genetic information, even entire chromosomes, are missing or duplicated

Question 17

How does the environment affect genes? (Epigenetics)

Answer 17

Individuals differ not only in their genes but also in specific ways in which they experience their environments

Environmental forces can change gene expressions

Gene environment interactions occur at many levels

Experience in life can have dramatic effect on later developmental outcomes

Epigenetic modifications may be transmitted to next generation via genetic inheritance

Question 18

Name some sex linked disorders

Answer 18

Color blindness, chromosomal, fragile x syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, superfemale syndrome, super male syndrome, Turner syndrome

Question 19

Autosomal disorders, name some of them

Answer 19

Angel man syndrome, cystic fibrosis, huntingtons disease, PKU, sickle cell trait, Tay-sachs, chromosomal, Down syndrome

Question 20

What does genetic research use

Answer 20

Recombinant DNA technology to reconstruct cells and genes

Question 21

What does gene therapies involve?

Answer 21

Reinserting genetically altered cells into a person

Question 22

In vino gene therapy… What does it remove?

Answer 22

Removes viral genes, inserts cloned normal genes and reintroduces retrovirus to patient

Question 23

What do behavior genetics do?

Answer 23

Tries to understand the genetic origins of behaviors

Incorporates the view that complex traits are determined by interaction of heredity and environment

Looks at statistical correlation, or concordance, of similar characteristics with genes.

Question 24

Behavior genetics studies include:

Answer 24

Adoption studies/ studies how adopted children resale their adoptive versus their biological parents Twin studies compares identical twins for traits thought to be heritable Hard to interpret because no twins environment is identical even within the same home.

Question 25

Name the basic processes that affect behavior

Answer 25

Habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning.

Question 26

What is applied behavior analysis

Answer 26

Learning principle that uses application to change behavior

Question 27

Family and culture affect human development? True or false? Explain?

Answer 27

True Family systems are at heart of human behavior Families pay critical role in orienting people to society and culture Siblings share many similar experiences, but no shared experiences and relationships also exist.

Question 28

Components that affect a child's development are:

Answer 28

Everyday physical and social settings Child care and child rearing customs Overall psychology of the caregivers

Question 29

Types of cultural influences that affect human development are

Answer 29

Normative age-graded biological and social changes, normative history graded events such as wars, depressions and epidemics Nonnormative individual factors such as divorce, unemployment, illness, career changes

Question 30

Give examples of normative age graded influences

Answer 30

Puberty, menopause, retirement, marrying, having children, graduating school

Question 31

Give examples of normative history graded influences

Answer 31

Wars, economic boom or depression, epidemics, tech innovations

Question 32

Non normative influences include

Answer 32

Divorce, illness, unemployment, career changes, moving to a new community, important personal changes

Question 33

Lifespan development is a complex interaction among important factors likkeeee

Answer 33

Mediating factors- like gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic background- determine how broader cultural historical forces will be experienced The family will shape ones experience in important ways Each persons unique personal characteristics will determine how they act on and adapt to the broader context in which life unfolds

Question 34

In operant conditioning reinforcers increase what

Answer 34

Behavior to be repeated

Question 35

In operant conditioning punishments decrease what

Answer 35

The probability that a behavior will be repeated

Question 36

Define genotype

Answer 36

Genetic constitution of an individual or group

Question 37

Define phenotype

Answer 37

Observable properties of an organism that are produced by the interaction of the genotype and the environment

Question 38

Simple dominance of genes (explain)

Answer 38

When an allele is dominant it's presence in gene pair has tendency to cause that trait to be expressed characteristic or trait

Question 39

Define homozygous

Answer 39

Similar alleles

Question 40

Define heterozygous

Answer 40

Unsimilar genes Eg parent has different eye color

Question 41

Polygenic human characteristics are determined byyyy

Answer 41

More than one gene pair

Question 42

Sex linked traits are passed by what chromosome

Answer 42

X chromosome