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Material Science ME 2070 > Chapter 1: Introduction to Material Science > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction to Material Science Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Characterization of Materials:

A

Processing

Properties

Performance

Structure

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2
Q

Content of Properties:

A

Material Characteristic

Response to external stimulus

Mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, etc.

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3
Q

Content of Performance

A

Behavior in a particular application

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4
Q

Content of Structure

A

Arrangement of internal components

Subatomic

Atomic

Microscopic
Macroscopic

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5
Q

Content of Processing

A

Method of preparing material

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6
Q

Classifications of Materials

A

Metals
Ceramics/Glasses
Polymers

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7
Q

Properties of Metals

A

Good conductors of electricity and heat

Susceptible to corrosion

Strong, yet deformable

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8
Q

Properties of Ceramics/Glasses

A

Thermally and electrically insulating

Resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments

Hard, but brittle

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9
Q

Properties of Polymers

A

Very large molecules

Low density, low weight

Can be extremely flexible

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10
Q

Properties of Biomaterials

A

Implanted in human bodies

Compatible with body tissues

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11
Q

Semiconductors

A

Electrical properties between conductors and insulators

Electrical properties can be accurately controlled

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12
Q

Composites

A

Consist of more than one material type

Designed to display combinations of properties of each component

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13
Q

Structure at Subatomic Level

A

Electronic structure of individual atoms that interact among atoms

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14
Q

Structure at Atomic Level

A

Arrangement of atoms in materials

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15
Q

Structure at Microscopic Level

A

Arrangement of small grains of material that can be identified by microscopy

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16
Q

Macroscopic Structure

A

Structural Elements that can be viewed with the naked eye

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17
Q

Angstron (1A)

A

10 ^ -10 meters

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18
Q

Nanometer (nm)

A

10 ^ -9 meters

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19
Q

Micrometer (µm)

A

10 ^ -6 meters

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20
Q

Millimeter (mm)

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A

10 ^ -3 meters

21
Q

Metallic Bonds

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A

1, 2, or 3 valence electrons

Valence electrons free to drift through the entire materials forming “sea of electrons”

Non-directional bond

22
Q

Ionic Bonds

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A

Composed of metallic and non-metallic elements

Metallic elements give up valence electrons to non-metallic elements

All atoms have filled “inert gas” configuration

Ionic solid

Non-directional Bond

23
Q

Covalent Bond

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A

Electrons are shared between adjacent atoms, each contributing at least one electron

Shared electrons belong to both atoms

Directional bond

24
Q

Types of Atomic Arrangements

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A

Ordered and Disordered

25
Crystalline
Atoms arranged in a 3D periodic array, giving the material "long range order"
26
Properties of Crystalline
Stacking can effect properties Anisotropic Materials
27
Non-Crystalline / Amorphous
Atoms only have short-range, nearest neighborly order
28
Properties of Amorphous
Viscous materials or rapid cooling Isotropic Materials
29
Types of Microstructure
Single Crystal Polycrystalline
30
Properties of Single Crystal
Periodic arrangement of atoms extends throughout the entire sample Difficult to grow, environment must be tightly controlled Anisotropic materials
31
Properties of Polycrystalline
Many small crystals or grains Small crystals misoriented with respect to one another Several crystals are initiated and grow towards each other Anisotropic or isotropic materials
32
Macroscopic / Bulk Properties
Mechanical Electrical Optical Thermal
33
Mechanical Bulk Properties
Elastic Modulus Shear Modulus Hardness
34
Electrical Bulk Properties
Conductivity Resistivity Capitance
35
Optical Bulk Properties
Reflectivity Absorbance Emission
36
Thermal Bulk Properties
Thermal Expansion Heat Capacity Thermal Conductivity
37
Properties
The way material responds to the environment and external forces
38
Mechanical Properties
Mechanical forces, strength, etc.
39
Electrical / Magnetic Properties
Electrical and magnetic fields, conductivity, etc.
40
Thermal Properties
Transmission of heat and heat capacity
41
Optical Properties
Absorption, transmission, scattering of light
42
Chemical Stability
Contact with environment; corrosion resistance
43
Rank of Characterization of Materials
Processing -> Structure -> Properties -> Performance
44
Optical Microscopy
Light used to study microstructure Opaque materials use reflected light, where transparent materials use reflected/transmitted light
45
Electron Microscopy
Beams of electrons used for imaging Electrons are accelerated across large voltages High Velocity electron has wavelength of 0.003 nm Electron beam focused and images are formed using magnetic lenses Reflection and transmission imaging both possible
46
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Electron beam scans surface and reflected electrons are collected Samples must be electrically conductive Material surface is observed 200,000x magnification possible
47
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Electron beam passes through the material Thin samples Details of internal microstructure observed 1,000,000x magnification possible
48
Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM)
3D topographical map of material surface Probe brought into close proximity of material surface Probe rastered across the surface experiencing deflection in response to interactions with material surface Useful with many types of materials
49
X-Ray Diffraction
Form of light that has high energy and short wavelength Strike a material and scattered in all directions If atoms in material is crystalline or well-ordered, constructive interference can occur

Material Science ME 2070 (4 decks)

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