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Material Science ME 2070 > Chapter 1: Introduction to Material Science > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction to Material Science Flashcards

1
Q

Characterization of Materials:

A

Processing

Properties

Performance

Structure

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2
Q

Content of Properties:

A

Material Characteristic

Response to external stimulus

Mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, etc.

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3
Q

Content of Performance

A

Behavior in a particular application

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4
Q

Content of Structure

A

Arrangement of internal components

Subatomic

Atomic

Microscopic
Macroscopic

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5
Q

Content of Processing

A

Method of preparing material

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6
Q

Classifications of Materials

A

Metals
Ceramics/Glasses
Polymers

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7
Q

Properties of Metals

A

Good conductors of electricity and heat

Susceptible to corrosion

Strong, yet deformable

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8
Q

Properties of Ceramics/Glasses

A

Thermally and electrically insulating

Resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments

Hard, but brittle

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9
Q

Properties of Polymers

A

Very large molecules

Low density, low weight

Can be extremely flexible

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10
Q

Properties of Biomaterials

A

Implanted in human bodies

Compatible with body tissues

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11
Q

Semiconductors

A

Electrical properties between conductors and insulators

Electrical properties can be accurately controlled

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12
Q

Composites

A

Consist of more than one material type

Designed to display combinations of properties of each component

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13
Q

Structure at Subatomic Level

A

Electronic structure of individual atoms that interact among atoms

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14
Q

Structure at Atomic Level

A

Arrangement of atoms in materials

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15
Q

Structure at Microscopic Level

A

Arrangement of small grains of material that can be identified by microscopy

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16
Q

Macroscopic Structure

A

Structural Elements that can be viewed with the naked eye

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17
Q

Angstron (1A)

A

10 ^ -10 meters

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18
Q

Nanometer (nm)

A

10 ^ -9 meters

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19
Q

Micrometer (µm)

A

10 ^ -6 meters

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20
Q

Millimeter (mm)

A

10 ^ -3 meters

21
Q

Metallic Bonds

A

1, 2, or 3 valence electrons

Valence electrons free to drift through the entire materials forming “sea of electrons”

Non-directional bond

22
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Composed of metallic and non-metallic elements

Metallic elements give up valence electrons to non-metallic elements

All atoms have filled “inert gas” configuration

Ionic solid

Non-directional Bond

23
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Electrons are shared between adjacent atoms, each contributing at least one electron

Shared electrons belong to both atoms

Directional bond

24
Q

Types of Atomic Arrangements

A

Ordered and Disordered

25
Q

Crystalline

A

Atoms arranged in a 3D periodic array, giving the material “long range order”

26
Q

Properties of Crystalline

A

Stacking can effect properties

Anisotropic Materials

27
Q

Non-Crystalline / Amorphous

A

Atoms only have short-range, nearest neighborly order

28
Q

Properties of Amorphous

A

Viscous materials or rapid cooling

Isotropic Materials

29
Q

Types of Microstructure

A

Single Crystal

Polycrystalline

30
Q

Properties of Single Crystal

A

Periodic arrangement of atoms extends throughout the entire sample

Difficult to grow, environment must be tightly controlled

Anisotropic materials

31
Q

Properties of Polycrystalline

A

Many small crystals or grains

Small crystals misoriented with respect to one another

Several crystals are initiated and grow towards each other

Anisotropic or isotropic materials

32
Q

Macroscopic / Bulk Properties

A

Mechanical

Electrical

Optical

Thermal

33
Q

Mechanical Bulk Properties

A

Elastic Modulus

Shear Modulus

Hardness

34
Q

Electrical Bulk Properties

A

Conductivity

Resistivity

Capitance

35
Q

Optical Bulk Properties

A

Reflectivity

Absorbance

Emission

36
Q

Thermal Bulk Properties

A

Thermal Expansion

Heat Capacity

Thermal Conductivity

37
Q

Properties

A

The way material responds to the environment and external forces

38
Q

Mechanical Properties

A

Mechanical forces, strength, etc.

39
Q

Electrical / Magnetic Properties

A

Electrical and magnetic fields, conductivity, etc.

40
Q

Thermal Properties

A

Transmission of heat and heat capacity

41
Q

Optical Properties

A

Absorption, transmission, scattering of light

42
Q

Chemical Stability

A

Contact with environment; corrosion resistance

43
Q

Rank of Characterization of Materials

A

Processing -> Structure -> Properties -> Performance

44
Q

Optical Microscopy

A

Light used to study microstructure

Opaque materials use reflected light, where transparent materials use reflected/transmitted light

45
Q

Electron Microscopy

A

Beams of electrons used for imaging

Electrons are accelerated across large voltages

High Velocity electron has wavelength of 0.003 nm

Electron beam focused and images are formed using magnetic lenses

Reflection and transmission imaging both possible

46
Q

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

A

Electron beam scans surface and reflected electrons are collected

Samples must be electrically conductive

Material surface is observed

200,000x magnification possible

47
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

A

Electron beam passes through the material

Thin samples

Details of internal microstructure observed

1,000,000x magnification possible

48
Q

Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM)

A

3D topographical map of material surface

Probe brought into close proximity of material surface

Probe rastered across the surface experiencing deflection in response to interactions with material surface

Useful with many types of materials

49
Q

X-Ray Diffraction

A

Form of light that has high energy and short wavelength

Strike a material and scattered in all directions

If atoms in material is crystalline or well-ordered, constructive interference can occur

Material Science ME 2070 (4 decks)

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