CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Parasitology Flashcards by Kirby Leij Santos

Living 2 organisms of different species in which both members are so dependent upon each other that life apart is impossible

Symbiosis

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LIving 2 organisms of different species in which both members benefit from each other life w/out each other is still possible

Mutualism

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Two living organisms of different species in which one member benefits but the other one is not affected

Commensalism

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One of the members lives at the expense of the others

Parasitism

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An organism that lives in the body of the host

Endoparasite (infection)

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An organism that lives outside the body of the host or the exterior surface of the host

Ectoparasite (infestation)

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An organism that lives in an organ different from the one it usually parasitizes or not its usual habit
give example

Erratic parasite

Ascaris lumbricoides

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A parasite that causes injury to the host by its mechanical, traumatic and toxic activities

Pathogenic parasite

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A parasite that does not cause injury to the host

Non-pathogenic parasite

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An organism that is completely dependent on its host or cannot survive outside the host
*Example

Obligate parasite

*Leishmania, Tapeworms

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Able to live as an independent organism or as a parasite at its own. FREE-LIVING STATE
*Example

Facultative parasite

*Strongyloides stercoralis

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A parasite that visits and leaves the host at intervals

*Example

Intermittent parasite

*Mosquito

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A parasite in which its larval stage develops in a host different from that adult

Periodic parasite

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A parasite which occasionally occurs in an unusual host

*Example

Accidental/ Incidental parasite

*Echinococcus granulosus (dog), Ancylostoma caninum (dog)

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A parasite living inside the cells of the tissue

*Example

Cytozoic parasite

*Isospora belli, I. nominus

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A parasite living inside the lumen of the intestine

Enterozoic parasite

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An organism that passes the alimentary tract w/o infecting the host
*Example

Spurious parasite

*Eimeria sardinae

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Artifacts mistaken as parasites

Pseudoparasite

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Neutrophils are mistaken as

Entamoeba histolytica cyst

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Macrophages are mistaken as

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite

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A parasite that lives its entire life in the body of the host

Permanent parasite

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A parasite which passes its larval period of development within the body of the host while the adult is free-living

Transitory parasite

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A parasite living inside the RBC

*Example

Hematozoic parasite

*Plasmodium falciparum, Babesia

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A parasite living inside the body cavities

*Example

Coezolic parasite

*Mansonella ozzardi

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A parasite that lives on the host only for a short period of time

Temporary parasite

A parasite which infects a host where they cannot develop further *Example

Aberrant parasite | *Toxoplasma gondii (cats)

Harbors the adult or sexual stage of the parasite where the parasite attains it’s sexual maturity

Definitive/Final host

Humans are the definitive host EXCEPT what disease?

Malaria

1st and 2nd intermediate host harbors the larva or asexual stage of the parasite. Host that harbors the asexual stage of parasite development.

Intermediate host

Parasite that humans is both definitive and intermediate host.

Trichinella spiralis

Host not necessary in the arrested stage of development or host other the normal one that is harboring the parasite.

Accidental/Incidental host

Harbors the parasite in an arrested stage of development. The parasite do not develop into the further or later stages. However, the parasite is still alive enabling it to infect a susceptible host.

Paratenic host

Host in w/c parasite can not be transmitted further

Dead end host

Animal host that harbors the same parasite as man or parasitic to man. They harbor the definitive, intermediate and paratenic host.

Reservoir host Ex. Pigs: Bacantidium coli Carabaos: Schistosoma japonicum

Host that carries the parasite inside but shows no signs and symptoms of infection

Carrier host

Host responsible for transferring a parasite from one location to another

Transfer host

TYPES OF HOST

``` Definitive host Intermediate host Accidental/incidental host Paratenic host Dead end host Reservoir host Carrier host Transport host ```

Responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another

Vector

Transmit the parasite only after the latter has completed it's development within the host

Biologic vector

Vector of Malaria

Anopheles spp.

The sole purpose is only to transmit the parasite regardless of it's stage

Mechanical vector or Phoretic vector

TYPES OF VECTOR

Biologic and Mechanical vector

Harbors a particular pathogen without manifesting any signs and symptoms

Carrier

Process of inoculating an infective agent

Exposure

establishment of the infective agent in the host that leads to the manifestation of signs and symptoms or invasion of the body

Infection

invasion of the body

Infestation

period between infection or acquisition of the parasite and evidence or demonstration of infection

Pre-patent period or | Biologic Incubation Period

period between infection and manifestation of signs and symptoms. ex. diarrhea, fever, chills, abdominal pain and cramping

Patent period or | Clinical Incubation Period

results when an individual becomes his own direct source of infection

Autoinfection

happens when an infected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite or increase the worm burden

Superinfection or Hyperinfection

parasite examples of autoinfection

``` CCHETS Capillaria philipinensis Cryptosporidium parvum Hymenolepis nana Enterobius vermicularis (romeo&juliet) Taenia solium Strongyloides stercolons ```

parasite that usually has no eggs in stool until it becomes superinfection

Strongyloides stercolons

stage that is infective to host (human)

Infective stage

stage that can be identified, detected, or measured by different laboratory procedures

Diagnostic stage

when parasite that requires only single host to complete it's development

Direct Life cycle

when parasite requires 2 or more species of host to complete it's cycle

Indirect Life cycle

when a disease in human pop. maintains a relatively steady, moderate level

Endemic

there is a sharp rise in the incidence or an outbreak of disease

Epidemic

if the prevalence of a disease in a community is high

Hyper endemic

if the disease appears only occasionally in one or few members of the society

Sporadic

when the disease covers extensive area of infection

Pandemic

parasites using transmission thru skin by direct penetration

Strongyloides stercoralis: hookworm in soil | Schistosoma: water

examples of anthropod vectors

``` Mosquitoes Flies Fleas Tick Bugs ```

examples of mosquito anthropod vectors

Culex Anopheles/Aedes Mansonia

what does Culex transmit?

Wuchereria bancrofti

what does Anoheles/Aedes transmit?

Plasmodium

what does Mansonia transmit?

Wuchereria bancrofti and | Brugia malayi

examples of flies anthropod vectors

Simulium Blackfly Chrysops Fly Sand Fly Tsetse Fly

What does Simulium Blackfly transmit?

Onchocerca vulvulus

What does Chrysops Fly transmit?

Loa loa

What does Sand Fly transmit?

Leismania

What does Tsetse Fly transmit?

Trypanosoma rhodiense and | Trypanosoma gambiense

Examples of flea anthropod vectors

Dog flea Rat flea Water flea

What does dog flea transmit?

Dipylidium caninum

What does rat flea transmit?

Hymenolepsis diminuta

What does water flea transmit?

Diphylobothrium latum

What does deer tick transmit?

Babesia spp.

What does Reduviid bug (kissing bug) transmit?

Trypanosoma cruzi

parasites transmitted from CATS

``` Toxoplasma gondii Dipylidium caninum (and from dogs) ```

parasites transmitted from DOGS

Toxocara canis | Echinococcus granolus

parasites transmitted from RATS

Hymenolepsis nana

examples of parasites transmitted thru ingestion of contaminated food, water, and milk

Helminths (Ascaris) - ingestion of embryonated eggs Drancunculus medinesis - ingestion of embryo in infected flesh Trichinella spiralis and Taenia solium/saginata - ingestion of encysted larvae in infected flesh

examples of parasite transmitted thru sexual activity

``` Giargia lamblia Entamoeba histolytica Trichomonas vaginalis (ping pong disease) *from oral sex: Entamoeba gingivalis Trichomonas tenax ```

examples of parasite transmitted thru respiratory tract

Enterobius vermicularis Acantamoeba (can cause granulomatous amebic encephalitis) Naegleria fowleri (can cause Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis PAM )

examples of parasite transmitted thru placenta or congenital

Plasmodium Toxoplasma gondi Trypanosoma

parasite transmitted thru mother's milk

Strongyloides stercolaris and | Ancyclostoma stercoralis

examples of parasite transmitted thru eye contact with infected swimming water

Acanthamoeba

study of patterns, distribution and occurrence of disease

Epidemiology

number of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time

Incidence

number in a population estimated to be infected with a particular parasite species at a given time expressed as percentage

Prevalence

percentage of individuals in a population infected with at least one parasite

Cumulative prevalence

measured directly by counting expelled worms or indirectly by counting the eggs in the feces. Expressed as eggs per gram

Intensity of Infection or | Worm burden

disease

Morbidity

Death

Mortality

involves individual-level deworming with selection for treatment on a diagnosis of infections or an assessment of the intensity of infection or based on presumptive grounds

Selective Treatment

group-level deworming where the (risk) group to the treated (without prior diagnosis) may be defined by age, sex, or otehr social characteristics irrespective of infection status.

Targeted Treatment

population-level deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status or other social characteristics

Universal Treatment

use of anti-helmintnic drugs in an individual or public health program

Deworming

refers to the number (expressed as percentage) of previously positive subjects found to be egg-negative on examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after deworming

Cure rate

percentage fall or decrease in egg counts after deworming based on examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after the treatment

Egg reduction rate

proportion of the target population reached by an intervention

Coverage

genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug in a worm population that was previously sensitive to the appropriate therapeutic dose

Drug resistance

effect of drug against an infective agent in ideal experiment conditions and isolated from any context

Efficacy

measure of the effect of a drug against an infective agent in a particular host living in a particular environment with specific ecological, immunological and epidemiological determinants

Effectiveness

a reduction in zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographic area as a result of deliberate efforts. continued intervention or surveillance measures still required

Elimination

defined as a permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts. Surveillance and measures are no longer needed.

Eradication