Chapter 1 Key Concepts Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
psychology
A
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
2
Q
interactive dualism
A
founded by Descartes; mind and body were separate entities but work together to produce sensations, emotions, etc
3
Q
nature-nurture issue
A
inborn nature of individual vs. environmental influences that nurture the individual; also called heredity vs. environmental factors
4
Q
physiology
A
branch of biology that studies functions and parts of living organisms
5
Q
Publisher of Principles of Physiological Psychology
A
Wundt
6
Q
introspection
A
reconstruct sensations and feelings after being exposed to a stimulus; Wundt
7
Q
structuralism
A
Titchener; complex conscious thoughts could be broken down into elemental structures, or component parts; criticized for heavy use of introspection
8
Q
stimulus
A
anything perceptible to the senses
9
Q
limitations of structuralism (3)
A
unreliable method of investigation, can’t be used on children or animals, and complex topics (e.g. learning, development, mental disorders) couldn’t be studied
10
Q
functionalism
A
James; importance of how behavior functions to allow people and animals to adapt to their environments; stemmed from Darwin’s work on evolution
11
Q
first to receive a Ph.D in psychology; founded APA and became its first president
A
Hall
12
Q
refused to be given a Ph.D; first woman president of APA
A
Calkins
13
Q
psychoanalysis
A
role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality; Freud; based on work with patients
14
Q
behaviorism
A
focused on basing scientific investigations on overt behavior (i.e. observable behaviors that could be objectively measured and verified); Watson and Skinner; Pavlov’s work
15
Q
humanistic psychology
A
Rogers; emphasized conscious experiences (e.g. each person’s unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction); emphasis on self-determination, free will, and importance of choice.
16
Q
biological perspective
A
studying the physical bases of human and animal behavior, like the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and genetics (i.e. neuroscience)
17
Q
psychodynamic perspective
A
emphasize the importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relationships in explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior/in treating people with psychological problems
18
Q
behavioral perspective
A
study how behavior is acquired/modified by environmental causes
19
Q
humanistic perspective
A
focus on motivation of people to grow psychologically, influence of interpersonal relationships on a person’s self-concept, and importance of choice and self-direction in striving to reach one’s potential
20
Q
positive psychology perspective
A
field of psychological research and theory focusing on study of positive emotions and psychological states, positive individual traits, and social institutions that foster those qualities in individuals and communities
21
Q
cognitive perspective
A
focus on important role of mental processes in how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems, and think; used computers as a model for information-processing
22
Q
cross-cultural perspective
A
focus on how different cultures influence patterns of behavior; social loafing
23
Q
social loafing
A
study from cross-cultural perspective; individualistic cultures worked less in a group; collectivistic culture worked harder in groups
24
Q
evolutionary perspective
A
application of principles of evolution to explain psychological processes and phenomena (individual members of a species compete for survival)
25
ethnocentrism
belief that one's own culture is superior to all others; use of own culture as a standard to others
26
individualistic cultures
emphasize needs and goals of the individual over needs and goals of the group
27
collectivistic cultures
emphasize needs and goals of group over individual
28
biological psychology
studies relationship between psychological processes and the body's physical systems (i.e. neuroscience)
29
clinical psychology
studies causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of different types of behavioral and emotional disorders
30
cognitive psychology
investigates mental processes (reasoning, thinking, language)
31
counseling psychology
helps pepople adjust, adapt, and cope with personal and interpersonal problems in relationships, work, education, etc
32
educational psychology
studies how people of all ages learn
33
experimental psycholgy
describe research focused on basic topics (sensory and perception, principles of learning,e tc.)
34
developmental psychology
studies physical, social, and psychological changes that occur at different ages
35
forensic psychology
applies psychological principles and techniques to legal issues
36
health psychology
focuses on role of psychological factors in development, prevention, and treatment of illness
37
industrial/organizational psychology
relationship between people and work
38
rehabilitation psychology
psychological knowledge to helping people with chronic and disabling health conditions
39
personality psychology
study of nature of human personality, including individual differences, characteristics that make each person unique, and how those characteristics orignated and developed
40
social psychology
how people are affected by their social environments, including how people think and influence others
41
sports psychology
use pscyhological theory and knowledge to enhance athletic motivation, performance, and consistency
42
psychiatry
medical specialty; emphasis on biological factors in psychological disorders
43
4 goals of psychological research
describe, explain, predict, and control/influence
44
scientific method
set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures that guide researchers in creating questions to investigate, in generating evidence and in drawing conclusions
45
empirical evidence
evidence that is the result of objective observation, measurement, and experimentation
46
hypothesis
tentative statement that describes the relationship bewteen 2+ variables
47
variables
factors that vary or change
48
operational definition
precise description of the variable as to how it will be measured, manipulated, or changed
49
statistics
branch of mathematics used by researchers to organize, summarize, and interpret data
50
statistically significant
mathematical indication that research results are not by chance
51
meta-analysis
pooling results of several studies into a single analysis
52
theory
tentative explanation that tries to account for diverse findings on the same topic
53
descriptive research methods
strategies for observing and describing behavior and their relationship to events
54
naturalistic observation
systematically observe and record behaviors as they occur in their natural setting
55
pseudoscience
theory, method, or practice that promotes claims in ways that appear to be scientific and plausible (no empirical evidence)
56
case study
intensive, in-depth investigation of an individual, a family, or social unit
57
survey
questionnaire or interview designed to investigate the opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a particular group
58
sample
segment of the group or population
59
representative sample
selected segment that very closely parallels the larger population being studied on relevant characteristics
60
random selection
every member of the larger group has an equal chance of being selected for inclusion in the sample
61
correlational study
examines how strongly two variables are related to, or associated, with, each other
62
correlation coefficient
numerical indicator of the strength of the relationship between two factors (between -1.00 and +1.00); indicate strength and direction
63
experimental method
research method used to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between changes in one variable and the effect that is produced on another variable
64
independent variable
factor that varies
65
dependent variable
factor that is changed (measured)
66
experimental group
receive independent variable
67
placebo
not received independent variable but an inert substitute
68
placebo effect
changes attributed to the person's belifs and expectations rather than an actual drug, treatment, or procedure (i.e. expectancy effect)
69
random assignment
all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any experimental groups/conditions
70
double-blind technique
both participants and researches do not know what they have (e.g. placebo or actual treatment)
71
demand characteristics
subtle cues/signals that can bias the outcome of the study by communicating the behavior or response that is expected of the participants
72
practice effect
participants' experience with the tests
73
main effect
the change that can be directly attributed to the treatment variable
74
positron emission tomography (PET scan)
ingest small amount of radioactive glucose --\> see amount of blow flow and energy consumption in brain
75
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
person lies inside a magnetic tube; see brain tissue molecules and brain activity
76
# Reversed Prompt
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
psychology
77
# Reversed Prompt
founded by Descartes; mind and body were separate entities but work together to produce sensations, emotions, etc
interactive dualism
78
# Reversed Prompt
inborn nature of individual vs. environmental influences that nurture the individual; also called heredity vs. environmental factors
nature-nurture issue
79
# Reversed Prompt
branch of biology that studies functions and parts of living organisms
physiology
80
# Reversed Prompt
reconstruct sensations and feelings after being exposed to a stimulus; Wundt
introspection
81
# Reversed Prompt
Titchener; complex conscious thoughts could be broken down into elemental structures, or component parts; criticized for heavy use of introspection
structuralism
82
# Reversed Prompt
anything perceptible to the senses
stimulus
83
# Reversed Prompt
unreliable method of investigation, can't be used on children or animals, and complex topics (e.g. learning, development, mental disorders) couldn't be studied
limitations of structuralism (3)
84
# Reversed Prompt
James; importance of how behavior functions to allow people and animals to adapt to their environments; stemmed from Darwin's work on evolution
functionalism
85
# Reversed Prompt
Hall
first to receive a Ph.D in psychology; founded APA and became its first president
86
# Reversed Prompt
Calkins
refused to be given a Ph.D; first woman president of APA
87
# Reversed Prompt
role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality; Freud; based on work with patients
psychoanalysis
88
# Reversed Prompt
focused on basing scientific investigations on overt behavior (i.e. observable behaviors that could be objectively measured and verified); Watson and Skinner; Pavlov's work
behaviorism
89
# Reversed Prompt
Rogers; emphasized conscious experiences (e.g. each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction); emphasis on self-determination, free will, and importance of choice.
humanistic psychology
90
# Reversed Prompt
studying the physical bases of human and animal behavior, like the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and genetics (i.e. neuroscience)
biological perspective
91
# Reversed Prompt
emphasize the importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relationships in explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior/in treating people with psychological problems
psychodynamic perspective
92
# Reversed Prompt
study how behavior is acquired/modified by environmental causes
behavioral perspective
93
# Reversed Prompt
focus on motivation of people to grow psychologically, influence of interpersonal relationships on a person's self-concept, and importance of choice and self-direction in striving to reach one's potential
humanistic perspective
94
# Reversed Prompt
field of psychological research and theory focusing on study of positive emotions and psychological states, positive individual traits, and social institutions that foster those qualities in individuals and communities
positive psychology perspective
95
# Reversed Prompt
focus on important role of mental processes in how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems, and think; used computers as a model for information-processing
cognitive perspective
96
# Reversed Prompt
focus on how different cultures influence patterns of behavior; social loafing
cross-cultural perspective
97
# Reversed Prompt
study from cross-cultural perspective; individualistic cultures worked less in a group; collectivistic culture worked harder in groups
social loafing
98
# Reversed Prompt
application of principles of evolution to explain psychological processes and phenomena (individual members of a species compete for survival)
evolutionary perspective
99
# Reversed Prompt
belief that one's own culture is superior to all others; use of own culture as a standard to others
ethnocentrism
100
# Reversed Prompt
emphasize needs and goals of the individual over needs and goals of the group
individualistic cultures
101
# Reversed Prompt
emphasize needs and goals of group over individual
collectivistic cultures
102
# Reversed Prompt
studies relationship between psychological processes and the body's physical systems (i.e. neuroscience)
biological psychology
103
# Reversed Prompt
studies causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of different types of behavioral and emotional disorders
clinical psychology
104
# Reversed Prompt
investigates mental processes (reasoning, thinking, language)
cognitive psychology
105
# Reversed Prompt
helps pepople adjust, adapt, and cope with personal and interpersonal problems in relationships, work, education, etc
counseling psychology
106
# Reversed Prompt
studies how people of all ages learn
educational psychology
107
# Reversed Prompt
describe research focused on basic topics (sensory and perception, principles of learning,e tc.)
experimental psycholgy
108
# Reversed Prompt
studies physical, social, and psychological changes that occur at different ages
developmental psychology
109
# Reversed Prompt
applies psychological principles and techniques to legal issues
forensic psychology
110
# Reversed Prompt
focuses on role of psychological factors in development, prevention, and treatment of illness
health psychology
111
# Reversed Prompt
relationship between people and work
industrial/organizational psychology
112
# Reversed Prompt
psychological knowledge to helping people with chronic and disabling health conditions
rehabilitation psychology
113
# Reversed Prompt
study of nature of human personality, including individual differences, characteristics that make each person unique, and how those characteristics orignated and developed
personality psychology
114
# Reversed Prompt
how people are affected by their social environments, including how people think and influence others
social psychology
115
# Reversed Prompt
use pscyhological theory and knowledge to enhance athletic motivation, performance, and consistency
sports psychology
116
# Reversed Prompt
medical specialty; emphasis on biological factors in psychological disorders
psychiatry
117
# Reversed Prompt
describe, explain, predict, and control/influence
4 goals of psychological research
118
# Reversed Prompt
set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures that guide researchers in creating questions to investigate, in generating evidence and in drawing conclusions
scientific method
119
# Reversed Prompt
evidence that is the result of objective observation, measurement, and experimentation
empirical evidence
120
# Reversed Prompt
tentative statement that describes the relationship bewteen 2+ variables
hypothesis
121
# Reversed Prompt
factors that vary or change
variables
122
# Reversed Prompt
precise description of the variable as to how it will be measured, manipulated, or changed
operational definition
123
# Reversed Prompt
branch of mathematics used by researchers to organize, summarize, and interpret data
statistics
124
# Reversed Prompt
mathematical indication that research results are not by chance
statistically significant
125
# Reversed Prompt
pooling results of several studies into a single analysis
meta-analysis
126
# Reversed Prompt
tentative explanation that tries to account for diverse findings on the same topic
theory
127
# Reversed Prompt
strategies for observing and describing behavior and their relationship to events
descriptive research methods
128
# Reversed Prompt
systematically observe and record behaviors as they occur in their natural setting
naturalistic observation
129
# Reversed Prompt
theory, method, or practice that promotes claims in ways that appear to be scientific and plausible (no empirical evidence)
pseudoscience
130
# Reversed Prompt
intensive, in-depth investigation of an individual, a family, or social unit
case study
131
# Reversed Prompt
questionnaire or interview designed to investigate the opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a particular group
survey
132
# Reversed Prompt
segment of the group or population
sample
133
# Reversed Prompt
selected segment that very closely parallels the larger population being studied on relevant characteristics
representative sample
134
# Reversed Prompt
every member of the larger group has an equal chance of being selected for inclusion in the sample
random selection
135
# Reversed Prompt
examines how strongly two variables are related to, or associated, with, each other
correlational study
136
# Reversed Prompt
numerical indicator of the strength of the relationship between two factors (between -1.00 and +1.00); indicate strength and direction
correlation coefficient
137
# Reversed Prompt
research method used to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between changes in one variable and the effect that is produced on another variable
experimental method
138
# Reversed Prompt
factor that varies
independent variable
139
# Reversed Prompt
factor that is changed (measured)
dependent variable
140
# Reversed Prompt
receive independent variable
experimental group
141
# Reversed Prompt
not received independent variable but an inert substitute
placebo
142
# Reversed Prompt
changes attributed to the person's belifs and expectations rather than an actual drug, treatment, or procedure (i.e. expectancy effect)
placebo effect
143
# Reversed Prompt
all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any experimental groups/conditions
random assignment
144
# Reversed Prompt
both participants and researches do not know what they have (e.g. placebo or actual treatment)
double-blind technique
145
# Reversed Prompt
subtle cues/signals that can bias the outcome of the study by communicating the behavior or response that is expected of the participants
demand characteristics
146
# Reversed Prompt
participants' experience with the tests
practice effect
147
# Reversed Prompt
the change that can be directly attributed to the treatment variable
main effect
148
# Reversed Prompt
ingest small amount of radioactive glucose --\> see amount of blow flow and energy consumption in brain
positron emission tomography (PET scan)
149
# Reversed Prompt
person lies inside a magnetic tube; see brain tissue molecules and brain activity
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
