Chapter 3 Key Concepts Flashcards
(187 cards)
1
Q
color
A
perceptual experience of different wavelengths of light
1
Q
Reverse prompt
light property of color; different wavelength create different colors
A
hue
1
Q
Reverse prompt
vision disorder of cloudy vision due to lens’s protein growing
A
cataracts
1
Q
Reverse prompt
binocular cue; degree to which muscles rotate your eyes to focus on object
A
convergence
2
Q
Middle ear contains the three bones: ______, _____, and ______
A
hammer, anvil, and stirrup
3
Q
perception
A
the process of integrating organizing and interpreting sensations
3
Q
Reverse prompt
intensity of color; similar to amplitude
A
brightness
4
Q
outer ear
A
part of ear that collects sound waves; has pinna, ear canal and ear drum
5
Q
frequency
A
rate of vibration, # of sound waves per second
5
Q
Reverse prompt
hearing theory that says pitch is detected at different stereocilia inside the cochlea in basilar membrane; low frequencies = far; medium = medium; high = near
A
place theory
6
Q
Outer ear contains _____, ______, and _____ _____
A
pinna, ear canal, and ear drum
6
Q
Explain how we perceive smells.
A
Odorant enters nose and binds with olfactory receptor cells –> activate specific combos of receptors in nasal epitheleum –> olfactory bulb sorts smells -> goes to brain
6
Q
mere-exposure effect:
A
finding that repeated exposure to a stimulus increases a person’s preference for that stimulus
6
Q
Reverse prompt
how we categorize items despite having different features (e.g. chairs, animals, books)
A
object perception
6
Q
Reverse prompt
We encode info based on memory of our first viewpoint of what we saw; how object looks to us
A
viewer-centered representation
7
Q
Reverse prompt
the process of detecting a physical stimulus, such as light, sound, heat or pressure
A
sensation
8
Q
hue
A
light property of color; different wavelength create different colors
9
Q
optic nerve
A
the thick nerve that exits from the back of the eye; carries visual information to visual cortex in the brain
10
Q
retinex
A
combination of trichromatic and opponent-process theory; says there are specific cones that respond to different wavelengths and ganglion cells respond to color in opposing pairs
10
Q
Reverse prompt
clear membrane that covers the front of the eye, helps gather and direct incoming light and protects the eye
A
cornea
10
Q
Reverse prompt
combination of trichromatic and opponent-process theory; says there are specific cones that respond to different wavelengths and ganglion cells respond to color in opposing pairs
A
retinex
11
Q
Reverse prompt
visual cortex; primary visual cortex; processesc olor, motion and shape
A
V1
11
Q
Reverse prompt
rate of vibration, # of sound waves per second
A
frequency
12
Q
Reverse prompt
long, thin, sensory receptors that are highly sensitive to light but not color; responsible for peripheral and night vision
A
rods
13
recognition by components
object-centered theory; objects broken down in relation to its geons
13
# Reverse prompt
point in the brain where the optic nerve fibers from each eye meet and partly cross over to the opposite side of the brain
optic chiasm
13
# Reverse prompt
the tendency to perceive similar objects as a unit
law of similarity
14
# Reverse prompt
tendency to perceive objects that are close to another as a single unit
law of proximity
15
Place the order of where light is received: bipolar, rods, photoreceptrs, ganglion
ganglion --\> bipolar --\> rods --\> photoreceptors
15
gustation
technical name for sense of taste
16
# Reverse prompt
binocular cue; slightly different image of an object casted on left and right retinas
retinal disparity
17
Why do we have a blind spot?
No rods or cones at optic disk (i.e. optic nerve exit)
18
color constancy
process where when an object is seen through a light filter, we hold onto what we think the color should be
19
# Reverse prompt
intensity or amount of energy of a wave, reflected in the height of the wave; amplitude determines loudness
amplitude
20
Vickery falsely stated
subliminal messages affected sales of coke and popcorn
20
# Reverse prompt
relative highness/lowness of a sound; determined by frequency
pitch
21
# Reverse prompt
intensity (amplitude) of a sound wave, in decibels
loudness
21
# Reverse prompt
viewer-centered theory; perceive objects based on critical features of an obkect
feature-matching theory
22
suppression
process of removing an image to prevent confusion
22
# Reverse prompt
tendency to group elements that follow in the same direction
law of good continuation
23
Trichromatic color theory created by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
van Helmholtz
24
# Reverse prompt
color property; pureness of the light wave
saturation
25
cones
short, thick sensory receptors of eye that detect color; responsible for visual acuity and color vision
26
deuteranopia
vision disorder that lacks medium wavelength cones (i.e. green)
27
# Reverse prompt
part of ear that amplifies sound waves
middle ear
28
# Reverse prompt
detection of stimuli that are below the threshold of conscious awareness; nonconscious perception
subliminal perception
28
# Reverse prompt
subliminal messages affected sales of coke and popcorn
Vickery falsely stated
29
brightness
intensity of color; similar to amplitude
30
# Reverse prompt
a transparent structure, located behind the pupil that actively focuses, or bends, light as it enters the eye (via accommodation)
lens
31
transduction
the process by which a form of physical energy is converted into a coded neural signal that can be processed by the nervous system
32
feature-matching theory
viewer-centered theory; perceive objects based on critical features of an obkect
33
# Reverse prompt
specialized cells unique to each sense organ that respond to a particular form of sensory stimulation
sensory receptors
34
# Reverse prompt
colored structure around pupil that dilates and contracts the pupil
iris
34
# Reverse prompt
process of putting two images atop each other to prevent binocular rivalry
superimposition
34
# Reverse prompt
vision disorder due to stout eyeball; can only see far; similar to presbyopia
hyperopia
34
# Reverse prompt
tightly stretched membrane at the end of ear canal that vibrates when hit with sound waves
ear drum
35
5 Gesalt Principles
Proximity, similarity, closure, continuation, and figure/background/foreground
35
# Reverse prompt
the process of integrating organizing and interpreting sensations
perception
36
# Reverse prompt
area of the retina without rods or cones, where optic nerve exits the back of the eye.
optic disk
36
# Reverse prompt
vision disorder due to elongated eyeball; can only see near
myopia
37
We can taste 5 different tastes:
salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami
38
loudness
intensity (amplitude) of a sound wave, in decibels
39
binocular cue
distance or depth cues of both eyes
40
# Reverse prompt
theory that sensation of color results because cones in the retina are especially sensitive to red light (long), green light (medium), or blue light (short)
trichromatic theory of color vision
41
# Reverse prompt
distance or depth cues of both eyes
binocular cue
43
opponent-process theory of color vision
theory that color vision is the product of opposing pairs of color receptors, red-green, blue-yellow, and black-whtie. when one member of a color pair is stimulated; the other is inhibited
44
cochlea
coiled, fluid-filled inner-ear structure that contains the basilar membrane and hair cells (i.e. sound-sensing receptor cells)
45
# Reverse prompt
subliminal perception slightly affects our judgement
Sidis's study showed
47
# Reverse prompt
part of brain inside olfactory cortex at front of brain where sense of smell is registered
olfactory bulb
49
cataracts
vision disorder of cloudy vision due to lens's protein growing
50
olfaction
technical sense of smell
51
# Reverse prompt
part of the outer ear that is cartilage covere by a flap of skin; helps guide sound inside the ear
pinna
52
# Reverse prompt
vision disorder of limited peripheral vision due to increased eye pressure; too much liquid in eye
glaucoma
53
# Reverse prompt
the view that the basilar membrane vibrates at the same frequency as the sound wave; explains l
frequency theory
55
# Reverse prompt
thin, light-sensitive membrane that lies at the back of the eye, covering most of its inner surface
retina
56
perceptual constancy
the tendency to keep an object the same size, shape, or color despite the images that hit our retinas
57
rods
long, thin, sensory receptors that are highly sensitive to light but not color; responsible for peripheral and night vision
58
# Reverse prompt
the process by which a form of physical energy is converted into a coded neural signal that can be processed by the nervous system
transduction
60
superimposition
process of putting two images atop each other to prevent binocular rivalry
61
trichromatic theory of color vision
theory that sensation of color results because cones in the retina are especially sensitive to red light (long), green light (medium), or blue light (short)
63
pupil
black opening in the eye's center; measures how much light is interpreted and influences depth of field
63
decibel
unit of measurement for loudness
64
amplitude
intensity or amount of energy of a wave, reflected in the height of the wave; amplitude determines loudness
64
object perception
how we categorize items despite having different features (e.g. chairs, animals, books)
65
wavelength
the distance from one wave peak to another
67
law of good continuation
tendency to group elements that follow in the same direction
68
# Reverse prompt
distance or depth cues of one eye
monocular cues
69
protonopia
vision disorder that lacks functioning long wavelength cones (i.e. red)
70
# Reverse prompt
in retina, specialized neurons that connect the photoreceptors with ganglion cells
bipolar cells
71
sensory receptors
specialized cells unique to each sense organ that respond to a particular form of sensory stimulation
71
depth perception
the use of visual cues to perceive the distance or 3D characteristics of objects
73
Sidis's study showed
subliminal perception slightly affects our judgement
75
# Reverse prompt
theory that color vision is the product of opposing pairs of color receptors, red-green, blue-yellow, and black-whtie. when one member of a color pair is stimulated; the other is inhibited
opponent-process theory of color vision
76
macular degeneration
vision disorder of no central visual field due to blood vessels leaking blood into eye or retina removed
77
template theory
viewer-centered theory; perceive objects based on memory representation
79
law of similarity
the tendency to perceive similar objects as a unit
79
# Reverse prompt
distinctive quality of a sound, determined by complexity of the sound wave
timbre
81
The three bones _______ the sound wave
amplify
82
# Reverse prompt
black opening in the eye's center; measures how much light is interpreted and influences depth of field
pupil
83
hyperopia
vision disorder due to stout eyeball; can only see far; similar to presbyopia
85
# Reverse prompt
the distance from one wave peak to another
wavelength
86
visual agnosia
cortical damage to occipital lobes
88
The auditory nerve is connected to the _________ in the inner ear.
stereocilia/ hair cells
90
6 monocular cues
relative size, linear perspective, detail, interposition, shadows, and motion parallax
91
geon
3D images are composed of these objects
93
# Reverse prompt
object-centered theory; objects broken down in relation to its geons
recognition by components
94
There are ____ types off cones in the fovea.
3
95
optic disk
area of the retina without rods or cones, where optic nerve exits the back of the eye.
97
place theory
hearing theory that says pitch is detected at different stereocilia inside the cochlea in basilar membrane; low frequencies = far; medium = medium; high = near
98
# Reverse prompt
cortical damage to occipital lobes
visual agnosia
99
iris
colored structure around pupil that dilates and contracts the pupil
99
signal detection theory
theory that we include judgement about a stimulus
100
# Reverse prompt
vision disorder that lacks functioning long wavelength cones (i.e. red)
protonopia
102
middle ear
part of ear that amplifies sound waves
103
When tastes go down to the limbic system, we \_\_\_\_\_.
throw up, spit it out.
104
pitch
relative highness/lowness of a sound; determined by frequency
105
# Reverse prompt
visual cortex; responsible for motion
V3A
106
retina
thin, light-sensitive membrane that lies at the back of the eye, covering most of its inner surface
107
ear drum
tightly stretched membrane at the end of ear canal that vibrates when hit with sound waves
108
olfactory bulb
part of brain inside olfactory cortex at front of brain where sense of smell is registered
110
# Reverse prompt
A school of psychology that said sensations are processed because of the meaningful whole perception
Gestalt psychology
111
ganglion cells
in retina, specialized neurons that connect to bipolar cells; bundled axons of these form the optic nerve
112
lens
a transparent structure, located behind the pupil that actively focuses, or bends, light as it enters the eye (via accommodation)
112
# Reverse prompt
unit of measurement for loudness
decibel
114
# Reverse prompt
vision disorder of no central visual field due to blood vessels leaking blood into eye or retina removed
macular degeneration
115
afterimage
visual experience that occurs after the original source of stimulation is no longer present
116
myopia
vision disorder due to elongated eyeball; can only see near
117
# Reverse prompt
part of ear that collects sound waves; has pinna, ear canal and ear drum
outer ear
119
# Reverse prompt
technical name for sense of taste
gustation
120
Gestalt psychology
A school of psychology that said sensations are processed because of the meaningful whole perception
121
# Reverse prompt
visual experience that occurs after the original source of stimulation is no longer present
afterimage
122
Mere-exposure effect studied by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Kunst-Wilson and Zajonc
123
retinal disparity
binocular cue; slightly different image of an object casted on left and right retinas
125
# Reverse prompt
the tendency to keep an object the same size, shape, or color despite the images that hit our retinas
perceptual constancy
126
# Reverse prompt
gestalt principle stating we automatically separate elements of a perception into the feature that clearly stands out and less distinct background
Figure-ground relationship
128
Rods and cones contain _________ that have light-sensitive \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
photopigments; light-sensitive chemicals
129
absolute threshold
smallest possible strength of a stimulus that can be detected half the time
129
# Reverse prompt
vision disorder that causes lens to become rigid; similar to hyperopia
presbyopia
131
# Reverse prompt
short, thick sensory receptors of eye that detect color; responsible for visual acuity and color vision
cones
132
Color and vision is a phenomenon of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
brain
133
astigmatism
vision disorder due to slightly misshapen cornea
135
viewer-centered representation
We encode info based on memory of our first viewpoint of what we saw; how object looks to us
136
# Reverse prompt
viewer-centered theory; perceive objects based on memory representation
template theory
137
law of closeure
tendency to fill in gaps of incomplete images
138
bipolar cells
in retina, specialized neurons that connect the photoreceptors with ganglion cells
139
Explain how we perceive taste.
Chemical enters mouth; dissolved by saliva and goes down into tastebuds --\> activate receptors and goes to either thalamus and gustatory cortex OR straight to limbic system
140
# Reverse prompt
a small area in the center of the retina, composed entirely of cones, where visual information is most sharply focused
fovea
142
law of proximity
tendency to perceive objects that are close to another as a single unit
143
presbyopia
vision disorder that causes lens to become rigid; similar to hyperopia
145
object-centered representation
focus on object parts in relation to the entire object
147
# Reverse prompt
tendency to fill in gaps of incomplete images
law of closeure
148
cornea
clear membrane that covers the front of the eye, helps gather and direct incoming light and protects the eye
150
# Reverse prompt
vision disorder due to slightly misshapen cornea
astigmatism
151
# Reverse prompt
smallest possible strength of a stimulus that can be detected half the time
absolute threshold
152
optic chiasm
point in the brain where the optic nerve fibers from each eye meet and partly cross over to the opposite side of the brain
153
# Reverse prompt
theory that we include judgement about a stimulus
signal detection theory
154
V3A
visual cortex; responsible for motion
155
# Reverse prompt
vision disorder that lacks medium wavelength cones (i.e. green)
deuteranopia
156
pinna
part of the outer ear that is cartilage covere by a flap of skin; helps guide sound inside the ear
158
# Reverse prompt
coiled, fluid-filled inner-ear structure that contains the basilar membrane and hair cells (i.e. sound-sensing receptor cells)
cochlea
159
# Reverse prompt
part of visual cortex; dedicated to creating a continuous picture
V2, V3, VP
160
monocular cues
distance or depth cues of one eye
161
sensation
the process of detecting a physical stimulus, such as light, sound, heat or pressure
162
# Reverse prompt
focus on object parts in relation to the entire object
object-centered representation
163
# Reverse prompt
technical sense of smell
olfaction
164
V2, V3, VP
part of visual cortex; dedicated to creating a continuous picture
165
# Reverse prompt
the use of visual cues to perceive the distance or 3D characteristics of objects
depth perception
166
# Reverse prompt
perceptual experience of different wavelengths of light
color
167
subliminal perception
detection of stimuli that are below the threshold of conscious awareness; nonconscious perception
168
# Reverse prompt
the thick nerve that exits from the back of the eye; carries visual information to visual cortex in the brain
optic nerve
169
Figure-ground relationship
gestalt principle stating we automatically separate elements of a perception into the feature that clearly stands out and less distinct background
170
# Reverse prompt
Kunst-Wilson and Zajonc
Mere-exposure effect studied by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
171
# Reverse prompt
process of removing an image to prevent confusion
suppression
172
frequency theory
the view that the basilar membrane vibrates at the same frequency as the sound wave; explains l
173
saturation
color property; pureness of the light wave
174
# Reverse prompt
process where when an object is seen through a light filter, we hold onto what we think the color should be
color constancy
176
convergence
binocular cue; degree to which muscles rotate your eyes to focus on object
177
# Reverse prompt
finding that repeated exposure to a stimulus increases a person's preference for that stimulus
mere-exposure effect:
178
fovea
a small area in the center of the retina, composed entirely of cones, where visual information is most sharply focused
179
# Reverse prompt
in retina, specialized neurons that connect to bipolar cells; bundled axons of these form the optic nerve
ganglion cells
181
Explain why we are sensitive to light through rods and cones.
Photon hits photoreceptor ---\> photopigment converted (from 11-cis-retinal to 11-trans-retinal) ---\> rods and cones are hyperpolarized, meaning slow release of chemicals --\> sensitive
182
glaucoma
vision disorder of limited peripheral vision due to increased eye pressure; too much liquid in eye
183
V1
visual cortex; primary visual cortex; processesc olor, motion and shape
184
timbre
distinctive quality of a sound, determined by complexity of the sound wave
185
\_\_\_\_\_ adapt faster to light than \_\_\_\_\_\_.
cones; rods
186
# Reverse prompt
Proximity, similarity, closure, continuation, and figure/background/foreground
5 Gesalt Principles
187
# Reverse prompt
3D images are composed of these objects
geon
