Chapter 1 Key Terms

Question 0

Define good nutrition

Answer 0

1 controls energy balance 
2 provide nutrient density 
3 Acheive health, body como, performance 
4 outcome based 
5 sustain planet

Question 1

What are 5 major Limiting factors ?

Answer 1

1. genetic makeup
2. Physical activity patterns -commit purposeful intense exercise
3. Physiology
4. mindset
5. nutrition

Question 2

Body composition

Answer 2

Relarionship Bertie. Lean mass (bone body water muscle mass) and fat mass

Question 3

Law of thermodynamics

Answer 3

Energy exchange principle regarding heat exchange and work:

Energy balances:

Positive : more energy in than out( weight gain )
Negative: more energy out than in (weight loss)

Question 4

Insulin resistance

Answer 4

Condition normal amounts of hormone Insulin are inadequate to produce normal response from fat muscle liver cells

Question 5

Calorie density

Answer 5

Energy per unit food ,
high C -dense foods provide many cal in small portion
Low C-dense foods fewer cal in larger portion

Question 6

Metabolism

Answer 6

Sum of reactions take place to build up and break down body

Question 7

Homeostasis

Answer 7

Reproduction , replace, repair- state of balanced stable function

Question 8

Protein

Answer 8

Consists of amino acids contain nitrogen

Question 9

Epithelial tissue

Answer 9

Composed of cellular layers protect outer surfaces human skin

Question 10

Proteins, fats, carbohydrates

Answer 10

Macronutrients

Question 11

Vitamins and minerals

Answer 11

Micronutrients

Question 12

Plant chemicals

Answer 12

Phytonutrients

Question 13

Non protein compound interacts with another substance to facilitate transformation

Answer 13

Cofactors

Question 14

Contains isothiocyanates that switch off gene in liver that detoxifies cancer causing chemical

Answer 14

Broccoli

Question 15

8 parts of cell

Answer 15

1 plasma membrane 
2 cytoplasm 
3 lysosomes 
4 mitochondria 
5 Golgi apparatus 
6 peroxisome 
7 endoplasmic reticulum 
8 nucleus

Question 16

Lipid bilayer permeable separates cell from neighbors, also made of proteins and cholesterol

Answer 16

Plasma membrane

Question 17

Make up plasma membrane , insoluble in water messenger function

Answer 17

Lipid

Question 18

Phospholipid

Answer 18

Phosphate heads and fatty acid tail

• heads are hydrophilic (water loving )
• tails are hydrophobic (water fearing ) bond to fat based molecules

Question 19

Fats influence on cells membrain

Answer 19

Fluidity and flexibility
Sat fat makes tight rigid
Polyunsaturated makes fluid

Question 20

Internal fluid of cell

Answer 20

Cytosol

Question 21

Mitochondria

Answer 21

Supply atp energy to cell

• convert carb, fat, protein into energy
• 95 % bodies energy
• atp generation happens inner membrain - folds called cristae

Question 22

Reactive oxygen species

Answer 22

Substances formed byproduct of metabolism highly reactive because of un paired electron

When oxygen is consumed in Production of atp these are formed

Damage dna
Free radical

Question 23

Orginized structure of dna contains genes of organism

Answer 23

Chromosome

Question 24

Nucleus

Answer 24

Largest organelle I. Cell Home of chromosome and dna Tanscruption - mRNA built from dna molecule Translation - form protein molecule based on info on mRNA

Question 25

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 25

Translates proteins , lined with ribosomes Smooth and rough er Smooth er no ribosomes : synthesize lipids steroid and cholesterol makes glycoproteins (membrain integrity has a carbohydrate group) Rough er makes proteins

Question 26

Cisternae

Answer 26

In Golgi apparatus | Holding tanks stacked on eachother transports proteins

Question 27

Lysosomes

Answer 27

Contain enzymes break down cell components | Digest break down foreign organisms

Question 28

Peroxisome

Answer 28

Small sacs have enzymes (catalase and oxidase) detoxify harmful substance Breaks down fat Found in liver and kidney cells : Cholesterol synth, bile acid breakdown, b-oxidation

Question 29

Receptor ligand bonding compex

Answer 29

Formed between chemical receptor and substance allow for further activity.

Question 30

Signal transduction.

Answer 30

Conversion one signal to another Second messengers relays signal from extra cellular molecule, works inside the cell Insulin example : eat high car , pancreas release insulin, ligand binds alters cell function Ligand anything that binds to another chemical to form larger complex

Question 31

Transport proteins

Answer 31

Moves compounds across membrane Allow passage of water soluble molecules in space inside and outside cell

Question 32

Two ways to have things cross plasma membrane

Answer 32

Facilitated defusion | Active transport

Question 33

Facilitated defusion

Answer 33

Requires carrier molecule | When a molecule can move on its own

Question 34

Active transport

Answer 34

Particles from area low concentration to high concentration energy enzymes needed for this

Question 35

Enzymes

Answer 35

Largest group of proteins End in 'ase' Biological catalysts Work by exposing active sites. To connect (scroll down) Lock and key model (substrate fits with enzyme ) Induced fit model structure change to enzyme and substrate when close to make fit