chapter 1 notes

Question 1

What is the definition of development?
a) A sudden change in behavior at a specific age
b) Systematic or orderly changes that occur within an individual from conception until death
c) The ability to learn new skills rapidly
d) Changes in physical appearance only

Answer 1

Systematic or orderly changes that occur within an individual from conception until death

Question 2

What are the three main components of socioeconomic status (SES)?
a) Income, education, opportunity
b) Culture, history, environment
c) Intelligence, skills, experience
d) Wealth, employment, intelligence

Answer 2

Income, education, opportunity

Question 3

What is a cohort?
a) A group of individuals experiencing a historical event together
b) A group of people born around the same time
c) A set of individuals from the same geographic region
d) A classification of socioeconomic status

Answer 3

A group of people born around the same time

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of a non-normative event?
a) Learning to walk at age one
b) Graduating high school at 18
c) Experiencing a rare natural disaster
d) Going through puberty

Answer 4

Experiencing a rare natural disaster

Question 5

According to Rijlaarsdam et al. (2013), what factor predicted both internalizing and externalizing problems in children?
a) High parental income
b) Moms’ depressive mood
c) Frequent playtime with peers
d) Exposure to educational programs

Answer 5

Moms’ depressive mood

Question 6

What is the difference between a critical period and a sensitive period?
a) A critical period is necessary for development, while a sensitive period is just helpful
b) A sensitive period occurs only in childhood, while a critical period happens at any age
c) A critical period focuses on emotional development, while a sensitive period focuses on physical changes
d) They are the same and can be used interchangeably

Answer 6

A critical period is necessary for development, while a sensitive period is just helpful

Question 7

Which theory suggests that nature and nurture work together but are separate influences?
a) Nativism
b) Empiricism
c) Interactionism
d) Mechanistic theory

Answer 7

Interactionism

Question 8

What is temperament?
a) A personality trait that can be changed easily
b) Biologically based individual differences in emotional reactivity and self-regulation
c) The influence of environment on a child’s intelligence
d) A learned behavior from parents and caregivers

Answer 8

Biologically based individual differences in emotional reactivity and self-regulation

Question 9

According to John B. Watson, what was his view on parenting?
a) Parents should be highly affectionate and physically comforting
b) Parents should limit affection and maintain objectivity
c) Parents should focus only on discipline
d) Parents should allow children to explore emotions freely

Answer 9

Parents should limit affection and maintain objectivity

Question 10

What was the primary finding of Albert Bandura’s research on social learning?
a) Children learn primarily through punishment
b) Observation and imitation are key to learning new behaviors
c) Reinforcement is the only way to shape behavior
d) Learning is entirely determined by genetic factors

Answer 10

Observation and imitation are key to learning new behaviors