Chapter 1 - PPT

Question 1

Cell Basic Anatomy Picture

Answer 1

Question 2

Characteristicks of Living Systesm

Answer 2

1. Metabolism
2. Reproduction
3. Differentiation
4. Communication
5. Movement
6. Evolution

Question 3

Transcription

Answer 3

DNA Produces RNA

Question 4

Translation

Answer 4

RNA Makes Protein

Question 5

Microbial Communites

Answer 5

Microorganisms exist in nature in populations of interacting assmeblages

Question 6

Habitat (microobial)

Answer 6

The environment in which a microbial population lives.

Question 7

Ecosystem

Answer 7

Refers to all living organisms plus physical and chemical constiutents of their environment.

Question 8

What earthly environment is sterile?

Answer 8

Only molten lava.

Question 9

LUCA

Answer 9

Last universal common ancestor

Question 10

How old is the earth?

Answer 10

4.6 Billion Years Old

Question 11

When did the first cells appear?

Answer 11

3.8-3.9 Billion Years Ago

Question 12

When did the atmosphere stop being anoxic?

Answer 12

~2 billion Years Ago

Question 13

When did life stop being exclusively microbial?

Answer 13

~1 billion years ago

Question 14

Where are most microbial cells found?

Answer 14

Oceanic and Terrestrial Subsurfaces

The subsurface biosphere is the largest untapped biosphere on the planet.

Microbes beneath the earths surface make up as much as half of all living material on our planet

Question 15

What are some positive impacts on nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

Answer 15

1. Nitrogen fixing
2. Cellulose degrading microbes in the rumen
3. regenerations of nutrients in soil and water

Question 16

Negative impacts of microorganisms on agriculture.

Answer 16

Plant and animal diseases.

Question 17

What are some positive impacts of microorganisms on food?

Answer 17

Fermentation

Question 18

What is biomediation?

Answer 18

The role of microbes in cleaning up pollutants.

Example: microorganisms can be used to consume spilled oils.

Question 19

Lois Pasteur (1822-1895)

Answer 19

Discovered that living organisms discriminate between optical isomers.

Discovered alcoholic fermentations was a biologically mediated process.

Developed the germ theory that proposed and showed germs caused disease

Developed vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, rabies

Disproved theory of spontaneous generation: Led to the development of methods of aseptic technique)

Question 20

Swan Neck Flask Experiment (Part 2)

Answer 20

Question 21

Swan Neck flask experiment part 1

Answer 21

Question 22

Swan Neck Flask Experiemtn Part 3

Answer 22

Question 23

Robert Koch

Answer 23

Demonstrated the link between microbes and infectious diseases

Developed techniques (solid media) for obtaining pure cultures of microbes

Question 24

Koch’s Postulates (blue boxes)

Answer 24

1. the suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals
2. The suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture
3. The cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal
4. the suspected pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original

Question 25

Koch's Postulates (Center Boxes)

Answer 25

1. Observe blood tissue under the microscope 2. Streak agar plate with sample from either diseased or health animal 3. inoculate healthy animal with cells of suspected pathogens 4. Remove blood or tissue sample and observe by microscopy 5. Laboratory culture

Question 26

Koch’s Postulates Today

Answer 26

Koch’s postulates apply for diseases that have an appropriate animal model Remain “gold standard” in medical microbiology, but not always possible to satisfy all postulates for every infectious disease Animal models not always available For example, cholera, rickettsias, chlamydias