Chapter 1 (research methods)

Question 1

Aim

Answer 1

To investigate… (IV + DV)
brief, straight forward
eg.
To investigate if alcohol NEGATIVELY (be specific) affects driving ability.

Question 2

Hypothesis

Answer 2

testable prediction about the outcome of an investigation
they are either SUPPORTED or REJECTED
they are never proven
PIDD
population, independent + dependent variables, direction
eg.
It is hypothesised that female adolescents who consume alcohol (IV) will have a greater (direction) number of cones knocked down (DV) then female adolescents who don’t consume alcohol.

Question 3

Operationalised variables

Question 4

Controlled experiments

Answer 4

Indicates cause +effect relationship
all other variables are controlled as best as possible

Question 5

experimental designs

Answer 5

within subject
between subject
mixed design

Question 6

Within subject

Answer 6

Participants complete both conditions

Question 7

Between subjects

Answer 7

Participants are allocated to only one condition

Question 8

mixed designs

Answer 8

participants are in both conditions for part of the experiment and in seperate conditions for a related but different part of the experiment

Question 9

Advantages of within subject

Answer 9

eliminates differences between participants
Less people are needed because each participant completes each experimental condition

Question 10

Disadvantages of within subjects

Answer 10

It can produce order effects eg can be due to fatigue, practice, boredom
Attrition - a participant dropping out of a within subject has a greater impact on the study as the experimenter loses two data points instead of one

Question 11

Advantages of between subjects

Answer 11

Does not create order effects
Less time-consuming

Question 12

Disadvantages of between subjects

Answer 12

May require more participants
Differences between participants across groups can affect results

Question 13

Advantages of mixed design

Answer 13

Can compare results across experimental conditions and across groups over time

Question 14

Disadvantages of mixed design

Answer 14

Can be more expensice and time consuming (attrition)

Question 15

extraneous variables

Answer 15

Those other tna the independent variable that may have a n unwanted influence or effect on the dependent variable these threaten the validity of the experiment.

Question 16

Control extraneous variables

Answer 16

if ther variables influence the change in te dependent variable then a researcher can not CONFIDENTLY state that the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE was the one that CAUSD a change in the dependent variable

Question 17

operationalising

Answer 17

how the variables are manipulated or measured

Question 18

controlled variable

Answer 18

what is kept the same

Question 19

independent

Answer 19

the cause (what is manipulated)
the variable is assumed to have a direct effect on the DV

Question 20

dependent

Answer 20

the effect (what is measured)

Question 21

placebo effect

Answer 21

The placebo effect
refers to when participants respond to an inactive substance or treatment as a result of their
expectations or beliefs.

Question 22

extraneous examples

Answer 22

placebo effects, order effects, participant-related variables

Question 23

Graphing conventions

Answer 23

All graphs should have:
*a title
* the x and y axes labelled with their appropriate variable

-units of measurement labelled on each axis
*
if it displays experimental variables, the independent variable should be on the x-axis,
while the dependent variable should be on the y-axis.

Question 24

order effects

Answer 24

Order effects refers to the tendency for the order in which participants complete experimental
conditions to have an effect on their behaviour.
eg. practise effects, which mean that participants perform better in later conditions due to
having done it before.

fatigue effects, which mean that participants perform worse in later conditions due to being
tired or bored from completing a prior task.

Question 25

measures of central tendency

Answer 25

mean, median, mode

Question 26

Evaluating research

Answer 26

accuracy + precision, repeatiblility and reproductibility, validity

Question 27

sampling

Answer 27

no random (opportunity) or random

Question 28

Ethical concepts

Answer 28

Beneficence Integrity Respect Justice Non-maleficence

Question 29

Beneficence

Question 30

Integrity

Question 31

Justice

Question 32

Respect

Question 33

Non-maleficence

Question 34

Ethical guildlines

Answer 34

Use of depection confidenciality debriefing voluntary participation Informed consent procedures withdrawal rights

Question 35

Use of depection

Question 36

confidenciality

Question 37

debriefing

Question 38

voluntary participation

Question 39

Informed consent procedures

Question 40

withdrawal rights

Question 41

factors relevant to evaluating psychological issues, research and practice

Answer 41

sociocultural factors economic factors political factors legal factors

Question 42

sociocultural factors

Question 43

economic factors

Question 44

political factors

Question 45

non random sampling

Answer 45

finding the most easily accessible people for an experiment.

Question 46

non random advantages

Answer 46

Cost effective and less time consuming than Random or Stratified Sampling.

Question 47

non random disadvantages

Answer 47

May be biased and not represent the population of interest.

Question 48

random sampling

Answer 48

Everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. All people in the population of interest would have their name in a random computer generator or in ‘a hat’ and the researcher would then randomly pick out the names of those who would be in the sample for the experiment.

Question 49

random advantages

Answer 49

Much more representative of the target population than Non-Random Sampling. Results can be generalized.

Question 50

random sampling disadvantages

Answer 50

More expensive to conduct and more time consuming compared to Non-Random Sampling technique.

Question 51

Stratified sampling

Answer 51

The sample has the same or similar proportion of people in a particular strata that is found in the population of interest.

Question 52

stratified sampling advantages

Answer 52

Highly representative of the population and therefore may be generalized. Must higher robustness of results compared to Non-random and Random sampling techniques.

Question 53

stratified sampling disadvantages

Answer 53

Very expensive and time consuming compared to Non-random and Random sampling techniques.

Question 54

conclusions

Answer 54

The research question. Main findings/results. Whether the hypothesis can be accepted or rejected based on the results. Limitations that are relevant to the interpretation of the results (such as possible EVs identified which sheds doubt on whether the IV caused a change in the DV).