Chapter 5

Question 1

Hippocampus

Answer 1

encodes/consolidates new explicit memories
DOES NOT STORE MEMORIES

People with damaged hippocampus will have difficulty recalling past events and therefore will also have difficulty imagining future events

Question 2

Amygdala

Answer 2

TWO FUNCTIONS
strengthens explicit memories with an emotional component
- heighten arousal hte sympathetic NS is dominatn. Triggers the FFF response which releases ADRENALINE
Adrenaline triggers the release of noradrenaline in the amygdala, this neurohormone stimulates the amygdala to SEND NEURAL SIGNALS TO THE HIPPOCAMPUS to store relevant emotional details.

Consolidates Classically conditioned emotional memories
Fear! (key component of the formation of phobias)

Question 3

Neocortex

Answer 3

Explicit memories STORED
Procedural mems STORED
Classical conditioned emotional mems stored

Question 4

Basal Ganglia

Answer 4

Encodes and stores temporaliy IMPLICIT PROCEDURAL mems
Communicates with the cerebellum

Question 5

Cerebellum

Answer 5

Encodes and stores temporalily IMPLICIT PROCEDURAL MEMS
Works together with the Basal Ganglia
Also responsible for reflex responses learnt though Classical Conditioning such as eye blinking and salivating

Question 6

Types of long term memory

Answer 6

Explicit + Implicit memories

Question 7

Explicit memories

Answer 7

Semantic and episodic
Voluntarily retrieved from Long term memory and brought into conscious awareness

Question 8

Semantic memories

Answer 8

Type of explicit memory
consists of general knowledge or facts
Same for everyone
eg. Facts and figures 3x3=9

Question 9

Episodic memories

Answer 9

Explicit memory
consists of personal experiences or events.
Unique to the individual and their own personal experiences
eg. what you ate for dinner last night

Question 10

Implicit memories

Answer 10

does NOT require conscious retrieval
Procedrual memories
Classically conditioned Responses (emotional/reflexes)

Question 11

Procedural memories

Answer 11

motor skills
how to do things
eg. Dancing, brushing teeth

Question 12

Classical conditioned memories

Answer 12

a reflex or emotional memory
eg. Fear

Question 13

Explanatory power of Atkinson-Shiffrin model

Answer 13

Strengths-
The model outlines that each memory store has a different capacity and duration
Support the distinction between STM + LTM

Limitations
May be considered oversimplified especially LTM
Proposes that rehearsal is necessary for information to be transferred into LTM. However it can occur without rehearsal due to adrenaline.

Question 14

How are memories transferred back to STM from LTM

Answer 14

Process of RETRIVAL

Question 15

How are messages transferred/encoded from STM to LTM

Answer 15

Elaborative Rehearsal
This is linking new information to info already stored in the LTM
-making meaningful associations

Question 16

Long term memory

Answer 16

a memory store that has potentially UNLIMITED CAPACITY and DURATION

Question 17

How to increase capacity of STM

Answer 17

Through chunking
allows more information to be stored in STM beyond the limit of 7 +/- 2 items
eg. phone number

Question 18

How to increase duration of STM

Answer 18

Through maintenance rehearsal
repeating content of STM over and over to increase the duration beyond 30 secs
eg. repeating a phne number over and over in your head until you can find your phone to insert the number

Question 19

Short term memory

Answer 19

Stores an encoded version of info transfered from sensory memory or long term memory for a limited amount of time
IT IS THE ONLY CONSCIOUS FORM OF MEM IN A+S model
Duration 30secs
Capacity 5-9 items

Question 20

Sensory memory

Answer 20

Stores sensory information temporarily as an exact copy of the original in raw from
Unlimited storage capacity

Question 21

Iconic memory

Answer 21

visual sensory memory
duration- 0.3 secs
capacity- unlimited
(so we are able to recognise and process the sensory information)

Question 22

Echoic

Answer 22

auditory sensory memory
duration 3 secs
Capacity unlimited

Question 23

why is echoic duration longer than iconic

Answer 23

For us to understand speech

Question 24

How does sensory information go to STM

Answer 24

By giving the sensory information ATTENTION

Question 25

Autobiographical events

Answer 25

Are your own lived experiences. Consists of both SEMANTIC info and EPISODIC experiences WHen we retrieve an event we are accessing our LTM and bringing it into our conscious awareness (STM)

Question 26

Alzheimers Disease

Answer 26

Neurodegenerative disease characterised by the death of neurons in the brain over time.

Question 27

Symptoms of Alzheimer's disease

Answer 27

memory loss decrease in cognitive functions

Question 28

Progressive nature of Alzeimer's disease

Answer 28

1. Loss of neurons in the hippocampus 2. Loss of neurons in the Neocortex 3. Loss of neurons in the cerebellum

Question 29

Amyloid Plaque

Answer 29

prevent neural transmission across synapse outside neuron insoluble plaques that inhibit communication between neurons

Question 30

Tau protein

Answer 30

Inside the neuron accumulation of the protein TAU within neurons

Question 31

Brain shinkage

Answer 31

hippocampus, neocortex, cerebellum

Question 32

Aphantasia

Answer 32

the inability to generate mental imagery

Question 33

Possible imagined futures

Answer 33

hypothetical experiences and situations that an individual has the ability to create and conceptualise in their mind

Question 34

Adrenaline in consolidation of LTM

Answer 34

Adrenaline caudses the relaese of Noradrenaline in the amygdala - noradrenaline activates the amygdala to signal to the hippocampus to strengthen the memory

Question 35

mnemonics

Answer 35

techniques used to increase the encoding, storage and retrieval of information

Question 36

mnemonic devices used by written traditions

Answer 36

acronyms, acrostics, method of Loci

Question 37

Acronym

Answer 37

when the first letter of items form a PRONOUNCEABLE word which makes the items easier to remember SOTS

Question 38

Acrostics

Answer 38

where the first letters of the items are used to create a phase to make items easier to remember eg. Never eat soggy weetbix

Question 39

Method of Loci

Answer 39

involves associating information with specific locations in a familiar place

Question 40

steps of method of Loci

Answer 40

1. choose a familiar location 2. mentally place each item in a specific spot 3. recall by mentally walking through the space

Question 41

sung narratives

Answer 41

are stories that share cultural, ecological and survival information through the use of singing stories told through song

Question 42

songlines

Answer 42

specific to aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Cultures They are passed down

Question 43

songlines function

Answer 43

serve as maps for geographical, spiritual, and cultural knowledge

Question 44

Brain leisons for people with alzheimers

Answer 44

tau protein, brain shinkage, Amyloid Plaque