Chapter 1: Science of Zoology & Evolution of Animal Diversity

Question 1

What is the keystone of all biological knowledge?

Answer 1

Evolution

Question 2

What indicates a short evolutionary time scale?

Answer 2

Changes in genetic trait frequencies within a population

Question 3

What indicates a long evolutionary time scale?

Answer 3

Speciation

Question 4

Life’s history is a legacy of ____ change.

Answer 4

perpetual

Question 5

What type of evolution is irreversible?

Answer 5

Organic

Question 6

The scientific study of animals is referred to as?

Answer 6

Zoology

Question 7

What specific diagram or process is used to depict history of evolution?

Answer 7

Phylogenic tree or phylogeny

Question 8

Where are the earliest known animals located on a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 8

Trunk

Question 9

Where are the most recent animals located on a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 9

Branches

Question 10

List the essential characteristics of science ( 5 )

Answer 10

1) Guided by natural law
2) Must be explanatory by natural law
3) Testable
4) Conclusions are tentative (not final)
5) Falsifiable

Question 11

What topics in science can conclusions NOT be made about?

Answer 11

Supernatural beings/forces

Question 12

What is the process used for testing ideas through experiments and observations called?

Answer 12

The scientific method

Question 13

What is the first 3 steps of scientific method?

Answer 13

1) Ask a question
2) Conduct research
3) Form a hypothesis

Question 14

What are the two approaches to forming a hypothesis?

Answer 14

Inductive & Deductive

Question 15

Inductive reasoning combines ____ ____ into a cohesive whole

Answer 15

Isolated facts

Question 16

Dog A & Dog B have fleas
So, all observed dogs have fleas
Conclusion: All dogs have fleas
This is an example of what kind of reasoning?

Answer 16

Inductive

Question 17

Deductive reasoning uses a general statement to reach a ____ ____ conclusion

Answer 17

specific logical

Question 18

Deductive reasoning uses a what?

Answer 18

Preexisting theory

Question 19

Hypothesis: All dogs in the apartment have fleas
Collect Data
Conclusion/ Analyze: 10/20 dogs did not have fleas

This is an example of what kind of reasoning?

Answer 19

Deductive

Question 20

After step 3 (hypothesis) what must you do in the scientific method?

Answer 20

Test hypothesis with an experiment

Question 21

A ___ sample size = more confident outcome

Answer 21

larger

Question 22

What elements contribute to a well-designed experiment?

Answer 22

Sample size, controls

Question 23

What is a mathematical tool that uses probability to estimate data reliability?

Answer 23

Statistics

Question 24

After you analyze data and form a conclusion what should you do with your results?

Answer 24

Communicate them to others

Question 25

What are the two categories that scientific questions hope to answer?

Answer 25

Proximate and ultimate causes

Question 26

Proximate causes focus on what?

Answer 26

Functioning of a system that happens at a particular time and place

Question 27

Ultimate causes focus on what?

Answer 27

Processes that have produced systems and evolved through time

Question 28

Ultimate causes uses what method?

Answer 28

Comparative method

Question 29

The comparative method uses ____ to test hypotheses

Answer 29

patterns

Question 30

Who were the first biologists to establish evaluation as a powerful scientific theory?

Answer 30

Charles Darwin & Alfred Wallace

Question 31

What are fossils?

Answer 31

Evidence of former life

Question 32

Did Darwin and Wallace establish the concept of evolution?

Answer 32

No, they took the next steps to developing it as a theory

Question 33

Darwin's Theory of Evolution can be divided into ____ theories

Answer 33

5

Question 34

What are the 5 theories Darwin's Theory of Evolution is divided into?

Answer 34

Perpetual Change, Common Descent, Multiplication of Species, Gradualism, & Natural Selection

Question 35

What is perpetual change?

Answer 35

Explains that the world has been continually changing over history; organisms undergo Modification

Question 36

What does common descent state?

Answer 36

All forms of life propagated from a common ancestor ( Look at phylogenic tree)

Question 37

What does multiplication of species state?

Answer 37

Evolution produces new species by splitting and transforming older ones

Question 38

___ is the division of species geographically from one another that causes different evolutionary changes in the same species

Answer 38

Divergence

Question 39

Divergence is related to which theory?

Answer 39

Multiplication of Species

Question 40

After continued division for thousands of years once the same species will now be 2 different ones and will not be able to ____ with each other

Answer 40

reproduce

Question 41

What does gradualism state?

Answer 41

Large differences in traits in species originate by the accumulation of many small changes.

Question 42

What does natural selection state?

Answer 42

Populations will accumulate more favorable characteristics in an effort to survive

Question 43

What are favorable characteristics that help species survive also called?

Answer 43

Adaptations

Question 44

Natural selection contains 2 components. What are they

Answer 44

Random & Nonrandom Component

Question 45

The random component of natural selection produces ____ between organisms.

Answer 45

variation

Question 46

The nonrandom component of natural selection focuses on the ____ of traits

Answer 46

persistence

Question 47

What happens to traits through generations?

Answer 47

They increase in frequency ( b/c they are advantageous)

Question 48

The same organ in different organisms with varying forms and functions is called

Answer 48

Homology

Question 49

What are homologous structures?

Answer 49

Characteristics inherited with some modifications

Question 50

What is an example of homologous structures?

Answer 50

Human arm VS horse legs VS bat wings

Question 51

What are analogous structures?

Answer 51

Characteristics in different organisms that perform similar functions that were not inherited from the same ancestor

Question 52

What is an example of analogous structures?

Answer 52

Shark fin (fish) VS Penguin wing (bird) VS Dolphin flipper ( mammal)

Question 53

Analogous structures evolved independently via ____ evolution

Answer 53

Convergent

Question 54

The formation of species is called

Answer 54

speciation

Question 55

Species are categorized when members of the species interbreed and have a shared ___ ___

Answer 55

gene pool

Question 56

What are reproductive barriers?

Answer 56

Biological characteristics that prevent species from interbreeding

Question 57

What is an example of reproductive barriers?

Answer 57

Mountains between lakes

Question 58

____ had a huge impact on whether gene pools mix

Answer 58

Geography

Question 59

When a physical barrier subdivides a larger population this is called

Answer 59

Allopatric speciation

Question 60

How many stages are there of allopatric speciation?

Answer 60

2 stages

Question 61

What are the two stages of allopatric speciation?

Answer 61

Geographical separation & Reproductive separation

Question 62

The stage of allopatric speciation, ____, prevents gene flow

Answer 62

Geographical separation

Question 63

The stage of allopatric speciation, _____, is when distinct mutations occur

Answer 63

Reproductive separation

Question 64

Adaptive radiation is an example of which of Darwin's Theories

Answer 64

Multiplication of Species

Question 65

What is adaptive radiation?

Answer 65

Rapid speciation that produces a cluster of closely related species

Question 66

What is an example of adaptive radiation?

Answer 66

Galapagos Finches

Question 67

What does gradualism propose?

Answer 67

That if a new species arises in a single, sudden, or catastrophic event we should see it happen

Question 68

What is an example of gradualism?

Answer 68

Sport mutations: ancon (dwarf) sheep that could not jump fences

Question 69

The argument against gradualism is titled?

Answer 69

Punctuated equilibrium

Question 70

Chromosomal theory of inheritance states that

Answer 70

nuclear chromosomes are the physical bearers of genetic material

Question 71

What are scientists who study variation in natural populations using statistics are called

Answer 71

population geneticists

Question 72

Evolutionary changes in frequencies of variant forms of genes without populations is called

Answer 72

microevolution

Question 73

What is macroevolution?

Answer 73

Evolution on a grand scale

Question 74

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of which form of evolution?

Answer 74

Microevolution

Question 75

Physical variation from generation to generation is called

Answer 75

phenotypic variation

Question 76

What are alleles?

Answer 76

variant forms of a single gene

Question 77

All alleles possessed by a population are collectively gathered in a

Answer 77

gene pool

Question 78

What does the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium calculate?

Answer 78

Genotype and allele frequencies

Question 79

In order for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to remain in effect how many conditions must be met?

Answer 79

5 conditions

Question 80

What are the 5 conditions that must be met for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to remain in effect?

Answer 80

1) Random Mating 2) No mutations 3) No gene flow 4) No genetic drift 5) No natural selection

Question 81

Microevolution can be detected and measured by the amount of ____ that occurs in HW equilibrium

Answer 81

deviation

Question 82

When does random mating occur?

Answer 82

When individuals select mates and pair by chance

Question 83

What is inbreeding?

Answer 83

When genetically related individuals mate with each other

Question 84

What is the problem with inbreeding?

Answer 84

Recessive phenotypes become more common and lead to disease/disorder

Question 85

Spontaneous but permanent genetic changes are

Answer 85

Mutations

Question 86

What is genetic drift?

Answer 86

Random changes in allele frequencies due to unpredictable events

Question 87

What is a negative of genetic drift?

Answer 87

It can eliminate alleles in small populations because only a few individuals contribute to the overall gene pool

Question 88

What is Population bottleneck?

Answer 88

Catastrophic reduction in a population

Question 89

What is the founder effect?

Answer 89

When certain members of a population leave and re-colonize somewhere new with no access to their original position

Question 90

What occurs more frequently in founder populations?

Answer 90

Rare alleles

Question 91

The movement of alleles by migration of breeding individuals is called

Answer 91

gene flow

Question 92

Gene flow occurs in two ways, what are they?

Answer 92

emigration and immigration

Question 93

In directional selection which trait is favored?

Answer 93

Extreme trait

Question 94

Resistance to antibiotics and insecticides are examples of which type of selection?

Answer 94

Directional

Question 95

In Stabilizing Selection which trait is favored?

Answer 95

Average trait

Question 96

Swiss Starling's egg clutch size of 4 to 5 is an example of which type of selection?

Answer 96

Stabilizing

Question 97

In disruptive selection what traits are favored?

Answer 97

2 or more extreme traits

Question 98

What is polymorphism?

Answer 98

Occurrence of different forms in a population of the same species

Question 99

British land snails are an example of which type of selection

Answer 99

Disruptive

Question 100

What are the 4 types of natural selection?

Answer 100

Directional, Stabilizing, Disruptive, Sexual

Question 101

Male competition for access to females and choice of mates is an example of what type of natural selection

Answer 101

Sexual Selection

Question 102

Sexual selection is made up of 2 processes. What are they?

Answer 102

Intersexual and intrasexual

Question 103

What is intersexual selection based on?

Answer 103

Interactions between males and females

Question 104

What is intrasexual selection based on?

Answer 104

Interactions between members of the same sex

Question 105

How many instances of mass extinction have there been?

Answer 105

5

Question 106

The movement of continents is

Answer 106

continental drift

Question 107

What causes continental drift?

Answer 107

Plate tectonics