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Bio 241: Animal Biology > Chapter 16: Fishes > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Fishes Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

As an adaptation in water fish have a ____ body

A

streamlined

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2
Q

Buoyancy regulation is controlled via a ____ in fishes.

A

Swim bladder

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3
Q

Fish have complex organs for what?

A

salt and water exchange

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4
Q

____ are the most effective respiratory devices in the animal kingdom

A

Gills

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5
Q

An example of complex organ systems in fish is the ____

A

lateral line system

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6
Q

What are the 5 major groups of fishes?

A

Hagfish, Lampreys, Cartilaginous fishes, Ray-finned (Cartilagenous) and lobe-finned (Cartilagenous)

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7
Q

The earliest species of fish were ____. Which include extant ____ and ____.

A

Agnathans; hagfishes and lampreys

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8
Q

Agnathans lack a ___.

A

Jaw

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9
Q

All remain extant fishes are considered _____.

A

Gnathostomata

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10
Q

All extant fishes except agnathans have what structures?

A

Paired appendages and jaws

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11
Q

Gnathostomata is divided into two subgroups, what are they?

A

Osteichthyes & Chondrichthyes

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12
Q

Actinopterygii contains ____ fishes

A

ray-finned

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13
Q

Sarcopterygii contains _____ and _____

A

lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods

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14
Q

Two clades of living jawless fishes are?

A

Hagfishes and Lampreys

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15
Q

Jawless fishes lack what? (4)

A

Jaws, Internal Ossification, Scales, and Paired Fins

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16
Q

What body form do Living Jawless Fishes have?

A

Eel-like

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17
Q

Hagfishes are also called ___.

A

Myxini

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18
Q

Myxini (Hagfishes) are entirely ____.

A

marine

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19
Q

What is unique about Hagfishes (Myxini)

A

They generate enormous amounts of slime

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20
Q

____ in Hagfishes is a mystery

A

Reproduction

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21
Q

Describe the vision of Hagfish

A

Almost completely blind (live in dark water so no need for well developed vision)

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22
Q

Lampreys are also called ______.

A

Petromyontida

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23
Q

Why is the sea lamprey infamous?

A

It is native to the Atlantic Ocean but became invasive and destructive in the Great Lakes

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24
Q

True/False: All Lamprey species are parasitic

A

No only half

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25
The 12 species of North American lamprey that are not parasitic are called _____ lampreys
brook lampreys
26
What is unique about brook lampreys?
Do not feed after metamorphosis and breed only once (semelparous)
27
What is the larval form of Sea Lampreys?
Ammocoetes
28
Describe the life cycle of Sea Lampreys
Adults reproduce in streams where Ammocoetes are formed. Ammocoetes then metamorphose into adults and migrate into lakes
29
Cartilaginous fishes are also called _____.
Chondrichthyes
30
What organisms are considered Chondrichthyes?
Sharks, rays, skates, and chimaeras
31
What is the defining feature of Chondrichthyes?
Cartilaginous skeleton
32
Chondrichthyes' anatomy does not contain ____, but contains ____.
bone; phosphatized minerals
33
Sharks, Skates and Rays belong to the Chrondrichthyes subclass ____.
Elasmobranchii
34
Most Elsmobranchii contain a ____ behind each eye
spiracle
35
Describe the Tail of Elasmobranchii.... What is it called?
Heterocercal Tail; asymmetrical, vertebral column extends into tail
36
What are Placoid scales? Function?
Reduce turbulence of water flowing over body surface
37
____ are a modified version of Placoid scales
Teeth
38
The lateral line system is made up of ____.
mechanoreceptors
39
Describe "Ampullae of Lorenzini"
Electroreceptors that allow Elasmobranchii to detect bioelectric fields that surround all animals
40
Claspers are a modified portion of what?
Pelvic fin
41
What is the function of claspers?
Deliver sperm into female reproductive tract
42
Describe reproduction in Elasmobranchii
All Internal; claspers on male deliver sperm into female reproductive tract
43
What Elasmobranchii demonstrate Oviparity?
Some sharks and all skates
44
What Elasmobranchii demonstrate Viviparity?
Rays and many sharks
45
What are the 2 types of Viviparity that Elasmobranchii demonstrate?
Ovoviviparity and Placental Viviparity
46
Some species that demonstrate Placental Viviparity also participate in uterine cannibalism. What is this process?
Embryos consume siblings in utero
47
____ refers to the clade that contains Bony Fishes and Tetrapods
Osteichthyes
48
Osteichthyes contains ____ (percent) of all living fishes and tetrapods
96%
49
List the uniting features of organisms in clade Osteichthyes
Endochondral bone, Lungs/swim bladder, several cranial and dental characters
50
What is Endochondral Bone?
Bone that replaces cartilage during development
51
What are the two clades of Bony Fishes
Actinopeterygii and Sarcopterygii
52
What is included in Actinopeterygii?
Ray-finned fishes (Teleosts)
53
Most species/living vertebrates are considered ____
teleosts
54
What is included in Sarcopterygii (specific)
Lobe finned fishes; 8 species; 2 Coelacanths and 6 Lungfishes
55
List and Describe Adaptations that contributed to bony fish diversification (2)
Operculum- covers gills, composed of bony plates, attached to muscles, and pump water across gills Swim Bladder- gas-filled pouch, provides additional gas exchange in water with low Oxygen, buoyancy regulation
56
What are the 3 groups of Actinopterygii (Ray-finned fishes) and what species make them up?
Cladistia- Bichirs Chondrosteans- Strugeons and Paddlefishes Neopterygians- Teleosts; 96% of all living fishes
57
Around How many species comprise Actinopterygii?
Over 31,000
58
An Adaptation of Teleosts is ____ and ____ scales
cycloid and ctenoid
59
What do Cycloid and Ctenoid scales do?
Enable increased speed and mobility
60
Teleosts have a ___ tail and fins which allows for ____ (2 things)
Homocercal; precise steering and powerful swimming
61
Modified forms of the Homocercal tail allow for what?
Communication, Protection, Camouflage, Attachment
62
Provide an example of a Teleost species that uses their Homocercal tail for camouflage
Leafy Sea Dragons
63
Provide an example of a Teleost species that uses their Homocercal tail for attachment
Lump Sucker Fish
64
What adaptation of Teleosts relates to feeding
Suction feeding, rapid expansion of the orobranchial cavity creates low pressure and draws in water and prey
65
What is the ancestor of Tetrapods?
An extinct Sarcopterygian
66
Describe the size and lifespan of the Australian lungfish
up to 1.5 meters long and up to 100 lbs, once lived to 80yrs
67
What are the feeding habits of the Australian lungfish
Omnivorous, crush plants and invertebrates with fan shaped teeth
68
Describe Respiration of Australian lungfish
Well-devloped gills, Single lunged and Facultative air breather
69
The Australian lungfish is a Facultative air breather. What does this mean?
They have the ability to breathe air but do not need to
70
How long can the Australian lungfish survive out of water?
Only short periods of time
71
What is in common between South American and African Lungfishes
paired lungs, reduced scales, eel-like bodies, consume hard and soft foods, threadlike paired fins with reduced internal skeletons
72
What is unique about the African Lungfishes compared to other species?
Live in all African Continent except driest regions and demonstrate Estivation
73
What is Estivation
Physiological and behavioral mechanisms that allow animals to survive extended drought
74
How does an African Lungfish survive out of water for so long?
They dig a burrow into mud and coat themselves in mucus to avoid drought , overtime if necessary they can consume themselves (muscles) and decrease their metabolic rate to survive this way for years
75
Extant coelocanths are referred to as what?
living fossils
76
Coelacanths contain a specialized electroreceptive organ in their snout called?
Rostral organ
77
What type of reproduction form do coelacanths demonstrate
Viviparity
78
What is difficult about observing coelacanths?
They are noctural; living in underwater caves during the day and only coming out at night in depths of 65- several hundred meters
79
How do coelacanths move?
Move pectoral and pelvic fins in diagonal pairs similar to how tetrapods move on land
80
Coelacanths are the other living vertebrates with a ____ skull
jointed
81
What is the environmental status of Coelacanths
Critically Endangered

Bio 241: Animal Biology (26 decks)

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