Chapter 1 (Section 3)

Question 1

Modern Perspectives

Biology

Answer 1

The physical/biological causes to understand and explain behavior

Question 2

Modern Perspectives

Neuroscience

Answer 2

A field in science that investigates the relationships between the nervous system and behavior/mental processes

Question 3

Four Goals of Psychology

3. Explain

Answer 3

The attempt to explain or understand the causes of a behavior

Question 3

Four Goals of Psychology

2. Predict

Answer 3

After observing events two events regularly ocurring together, a prediction and/or anticipation of future events can be made

Question 3

Empirical Method of Research

Answer 3

Gaining knowledge through the observation of events, the collection of data, and logical reasoning

Question 3

Modern Perspectives

Evolutionary

Answer 3

“Survival of the fittest” - Behaviors that increase human’s chances of surviving are foacored or selected

Question 3

Modern Perspectives

Cognitive

Answer 3

The mental processes involved in knowing and thinking and how behavior is the product of thoughts and interpretations based on memory, expectatino, beliefs, problem solving, intelligence, etc

Question 4

Modern Perspectives

Sociocultural

Answer 4

Wider view of the impact of our social environment on behavior

Question 4

Modern Perspectives

Humanistic

Answer 4

The personal growth and potential of humans.

Question 4

Four Goals of Psychology

4. Control

Answer 4

The purpose behind explaining and understanding the causes of behavior is to control/change future behavior.

Question 5

Theory

Answer 5

A broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations

Question 5

Modern Perspectives

Psychodynamic

Answer 5

Internal conscious conlicts between biological dirves, desires and society’s demands

Question 5

Modern Perspectives

Eclectic

Answer 5

Integrates and combines several perspectives when explaining behavior

Question 6

Modern Perspectives

Behavioral

Answer 6

External causes of behavior and how stimuli in our environment and/or rewards and punishments we receive influence our behavior

Question 6

Four Goals of Psychology

1. Describe

Answer 6

Involves observing events and describe them in order to look at how events might be related

Question 7

Variable

Answer 7

Anything that can change

Question 8

Predictive & Causal

Hypothesis

Answer 8

An educated guess or an assumption made before any research has been completed to explain the relationship between two or more variables

Question 9

Type of Psychological Research

Descriptive Research

Answer 9

Finding out about the basic dimensions of some variable

Question 9

Type of Psychological Research

Correlational Research

Answer 9

Strives to discover relationship between variables

Question 9

Predictive & Causal

Causal Hypothesis

Answer 9

An educated guess about how one variable effects or causes a change in another variable

manipulates the independant variable

Question 10

Predictive & Causal

Predictive Hypothesis

Answer 10

an educated guess about the relationship among variables

No manipulating or controlling the independant variable

Question 12

Type of Psychological Research

Experimental Research

Answer 12

Establishes causal relationships between variables

Question 13

Type of Psychological Research

Observer Bias

Answer 13

The tendency of observers to see what they expect to see

Question 13

# Type of Psychological Research Naturalistic Observations (Descriptive)

Answer 13

Observing behavior in the natural environment in which the behavior typically occurs

Question 14

# Type of Psychological Research Obserer Effect

Answer 14

The tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed

Question 15

Surveys & Interviews (Descriptive)

Answer 15

Researchers will ask a series of question about the topic they are studying

Question 16

# Type of Psychological Research Case Studies (Descriptive)

Answer 16

One individual is studied in great detail

Question 17

# Type of Psychological Research Correlational Research/Studies

Answer 17

Used to determine if a correlation exists between 2 or more variables, and the strength of the relationship ## Footnote Will NEVER determine the "cause" of an event or explain "why" an event occurs

Question 18

Longitudinal Designs

Answer 18

Measures the same variables over different periods in time

Question 18

Randomized Control Trial (RCT)

Answer 18

A study design that randomly assigns participants to an experimental group or a control group

Question 18

Experiments

Answer 18

A carefully regulated procedure in which the research manipulates one or more variable that are believed to influence some other variable

Question 19

Sample Population

Answer 19

A portion or subset that represents the population of interest

Question 19

Total Population of Interest

Answer 19

The specified group of people/animals/institutions

Question 19

Confederates

Answer 19

A person who is given a role to play iin a study so that social context can be manipulated

Question 20

Experimental Group

Answer 20

Group that's given the independant variable in an experiement

Question 21

Placebo

Answer 21

an inert substance or fake treatment, designed to have no therapeutic effect

Question 22

External Validity

Answer 22

The degree to which an experimental design actually reflects the real-world issues it is supposed to address

Question 23

Internal Validity

Answer 23

The degree to which changes in dependant variable are due to the manipulation of the independant variable

Question 24

Parallel Design

Answer 24

Compares two or more groups that receive different treatment interventions or are subjected to different experimental conditions

Question 25

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Answer 25

A non-invasive form of brain stimulation in which a changing magnetic field is used to cause electrical current at a specific area of the brain through electromagnetic induction