Chapter 2 (Section 1)

Question 1

Neuroscience

Answer 1

A branch of the biological perspective that studies how the brain and nervous system affect the mental processes and behavior.

Question 2

Neuroplacity and Repair

Collateral Sprouting

Answer 2

The axons of some healthy neurons adjacent to damaged nueron grow new branches.

Question 3

Neuroplacity and Repair

Substitution on Function

Answer 3

Damaged region’s function is taken over by another area/areas of the brain

Question 4

Neuroplacity and Repair

Neurogenesis

Answer 4

The process by which new neurons are generated. Only in the hippocampus (Brain structure involved in memory)

Question 5

Neurons

Answer 5

Specialized cells in the Nervous System that transmit information

Question 6

Studying the Brain and Nervous System

Brain Lesioning

Answer 6

Neuroscientist produce lesions in lab animals to determine the effect on the animal’s behavior

Question 7

Studying the Brain and Nervous System

Lesion

Answer 7

Created by surgical removal brain tissue, destroying brain tissue with a laser or eliminating tissue by injecting it with a drug

Question 8

Studying the Brain and Nervous System

Electrical Recording

Answer 8

Electroencephalograph (EEG) record the brain’s electrical activity. Assesses brain damage, epilepsy and other problems

Question 9

Studying the Brain and Nervous System (Brain Imaging)

CAT or CT Scans

Answer 9

Computer axial tomography produces a 3-dimensional image via x-rays that assemble into a composited image

Question 10

Studying the Brain and Nervous System (Brain Imaging)

PET (Positron Emission Tomography)

Answer 10

Measures the amount of glucose in various areas of the brain as neurons use glucose for energy

Question 11

Studying the Brain and Nervous System (Brain Imaging)

fMRI

Answer 11

Uses blood oxygen to meausre overall function of brain activity

Question 12

Studying the Brain and Nervous System (Brain Imaging)

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Answer 12

Creates magnetic field around a person’s body then uses radio waves to construct images of the underlying tissues and biochemical activities

Question 13

Pathways in the Nervous System

Afferent or Sensory Neurons

Afferent = Arrive

Answer 13

Carry information from sensory receptors throughout our body to the brain and spinal cord.

Question 14

Pathways in the Nervous System

Efferent or Motor Neurons

Efferent = Exit

Answer 14

Carry information from the brain and spinal cord to other areas of the body including muscles and glands

Question 15

Pathways in the Nervous System

Neural Networks

Answer 15

Interconnected groups of nerve cells that intergrate sensory input and motor input. Make up most of the brain and allow for amplification of the brains computing power.

Question 16

Pathways in the Nervous System

Interneuron

Answer 16

Located in the spinal column is the link between sensory neurons and motor neurons

Question 17

Glial Cells

Glial Cells

Answer 17

Support neurons various functions: getting nutrients to neurons, cleans up dead neurons, provides insulation, and makes up 90% of brain matter

Question 18

Glial Cells

Myelin

Answer 18

Whitish fatty substance produced by certain glial cells that coat axons of the neurons; serves to insulate, protect and speed up the neural impulses

Question 19

Glial Cells

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Answer 19

A disease that attacks and destroys the myelin insulation

Question 20

Anatomy of the Neuron

Dendrites

Answer 20

Branch like structure at the head of the neuron that recieves incoming messages from other cells

Question 21

Anatomy of the Neuron

Soma/Cell Body

Answer 21

Part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and DNA which keeps the cell alive

Question 22

Anatomy of the Neuron

DNA

Answer 22

Chemicals found in the nuclei of cells that contains the genetic blueprint that guides development in the organism

Question 23

Anatomy of the Neuron

Axon

Answer 23

Long fiber extends out from the soma that carries the action potentials and electrochemically sends messages/information out to other neuron cells

Question 23

Anatomy of the Neuron

Myelin Sheath

Answer 23

The discontinuous segments of myelin that covers the outside of axons in the nervous system

Question 24

# Anatomy of the Neuron Axon Bulb

Answer 24

Located at the tail of the neuron. Inside tare synaptic vesicles that contains messengers of the brain that carry signal across the synapse.

Question 25

# Signal in the Brain: How Neurons Fire Up Resting Potential

Answer 25

The inside of the neuron is more negative than the outside of the neuron -70 mv (millivolts)

Question 26

# Signal in the Brain: How Neurons Fire Up Threshold of Excitation

Answer 26

Inside the neuron has become less negative when at rest -55 mv (millivolts)

Question 27

# Signal in the Brain: How Neurons Fire Up Action Potential

Answer 27

Occurs when the inside of the neuron becomes positive enough to fire the neural signall down the tail of the axon -approximately +40 mv (millivolts)

Question 28

# Signal in the Brain: How Neurons Fire Up Refractory Period

Answer 28

A brief period (few miliseconds) when the neuron is unable to fire an action potential until it returns to the resting potential of -70mv (millivolts).

Question 29

# Jumping the Synapse: Synaptic Transmission Synapse

Answer 29

The space or junction between two neurons where the axon bulb of one neuron comes into close proximity with the dendrite of another neuron

Question 30

# Jumping the Synapse: Synaptic Transmission Presynaptic Neuron

Answer 30

The neuron that is releasing/sending the neurotransmitter

Question 31

# Jumping the Synapse: Synaptic Transmission Postsynaptic Neuron

Answer 31

The neruon that is recieving the neurotransmitter

Question 32

# Jumping the Synapse: Synaptic Transmission Excitation

Answer 32

When a neurotransmitter depolarizes the postsynaptic (recieving) neuron (makes the recieving neuron less negative on the inside and more likely to reach the threshold of excitation to fire an action potential)

Question 33

# Jumping the Synapse: Synaptic Transmission Inhibition

Answer 33

When a neurotransmitter repoloarizes the postsynaptic (recieving) neuron (makes the recieving neuron beome more negative on the inside, moving away from the threshold of excitation and the possibility of firing an action potential.

Question 34

# Jumping the Synapse: Synaptic Transmission Receptor Sites

Answer 34

Concidered the lock of the postsynaptic nueron while the correct neurotransmitter is the key

Question 35

# Jumping the Synapse: Synaptic Transmission Re-uptake

Answer 35

Neurotranmitters are removeed from the synaptic gap and are recycled back into the presynaptic neuron

Question 36

# Jumping the Synapse: Synaptic Transmission Purpose of Re-uptake

Answer 36

1. Resupplies the pres-synaptic neuron with the neurotranmitters fro the next firing potential 2. Clears the synapse ensuring that just the right amount of excitation or inhibition occurs in the postsynaptic neuron

Question 37

# Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine (Purpose)

Answer 37

Plays a role in awareness or consciousness and memory. Inhibits the acion of the heart in order to excite skeletal muscles

Question 38

# Neurotransmitters Dopamine (Purpose)

Answer 38

Plays a role in voluntary movement, learning, attention, sleep, mood, and motivation. Influences the pleasure/reward centers of the brain.

Question 39

# Neurotransmitters Seratonin (Purpose)

Answer 39

Maintains neuroplasticity. Works w/ acetylcholine and norepinephrine to regulate our sleep/arousal, influences mood, eating, and pain perception

Question 40

Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)

Answer 40

Body's chief inhibitory neurotransmitter is thought to regulate arousal, our general level of energy and alertness

Question 41

Norepinephrine (NOR)

Answer 41

Inhibits action potential in CNS but excites the heart muscle, intestines, urogenital tract. Works w/ acetylcholine to regulate sleep, arousal, and mood.

Question 42

Glutamate

Answer 42

Chief excitatory neurotransmitter; Without it many brain processes would not take place.

Question 43

Endorphins

Answer 43

The body's natural painkiller

Question 44

Oxytocin

Answer 44

Plays a role in experience of love and social bonding.

Question 45

Agonist

Answer 45

Drugs that mimics or increases the effects of neurotransmitters

Question 47

Antagonist

Answer 47

Drugs that blocks the effects of neurotransmitters