Chapter 1 - Structure and Function of Body Systems Flashcards by Deleted Deleted

What 3 things are required in order to support the neuromuscular activity of the body

Oxygen
Nutrients
Removal of CO2

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What does the musculoskeletal system made up of

Bones
Joints
Muscles
Tendons

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What do muscles do

Function by pulling against bones that rotate about joints and transmit force to the environment

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Muscles can only…

Pull

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How many bones are in the body

206

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What do bones provide

Support
Leverage
Protection

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What does the axial skeleton consist of

Skull
Vertebral column
Ribs
Sternum

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What does the appendicular skeleton consist of

Shoulder Girdle
Arms
Wrists
Hands
Pelvic girdle
Legs
Ankles
Feet

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What factor mostly affects skeletal growth

What does it cause to happen

When body is subjected to heavy loads

Bone will increase in density and bone mineral content

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What other factors influence bone adaptations

Axial Skeletal being loaded

Frequency of loading

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What are joints

Junctions between bones

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What are fibrous joints

Example?

Allow virtually no movement

Sutures of the skull

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What are carilaginous joints

Example?

Allow Limited Movement

Intervertebral disks

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What are synovial joints

Example?

Allow considerable movement

Elbow and Knee

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What are the important features of the synovial joints

Low friction

Large range of motion

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Articulating bones consist of

Hyaline cartilage
Synovial fluid
Ligaments and cartilage

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Uniaxial joints are

Hinge

Rotate about 1 axes

Elbow

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Biaxial joints

Movement about two perpendicular axes

Ankle and Wrist

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Multiaxial joints

Allow movement about all three axes

Shoulder and Hip

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What are the different segments of the vertebral column in order

How many vertebral in each segment

Cervical - 7

Thoracic - 12

Lumbar - 5

Sacral - 5

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What is epimysium

Connective tissue

Covers the body’s muscles

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What is a tendon attached to

What is it

Bone Periosteum

Connective tissue covering all bones

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Contraction of the muscle pulls on ______ which in turn pulls on _______

Tendon

Bone

Fasciculi is

A bundle of muscle fibers

Perimysium surrounds

Fasciculi

Muscle fibers are surrounded by

Endomysium Sarcolemma

What is a motor unit

Motor neuron + muscle fibers

Myosin consists of

Globular head Hinge point Fibrous tail

Contractile unit of a skeletal muscle is known as ______

Sarcomere

The sarcomere is between two

Z lines

The A band consists of

Alignment of myosin filaments

The I band consists of

Area by Z line where there is only actin filaments

Actin colour is Myosin colour is

Light Dark

The Z Line is located in the middle of which band

I band

The H zone is located

In the middle of the sarcomere Where only myosin is located

During contraction what happens to the H zone

Decreases as actin slides over myosin

During contraction what happens to the I band

Decreases as the Z lines are pulled towards the center of the sarcomere

Sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubule connect to the myofibril and release what

Vesicles containing calcium ions

The calcium ions cause

An action potential and therefore a contraction

In stretched muscles, H zone and I bands are ______ Therefore, ________ force due to ________

Elongated Low Reduced crossbridge alignment

When muscles contract, H zone and I bands are ______ Therefore, ________ force due to ________

Shorten High Optimal crossbridge alignment

When muscle has contracted, H zone and I bands are ______ Therefore, ________ force due to ________

Shortened Low Overlapping of actin reduces potential crossbridge alignment

During resting phase there is

Low calcium levels Low crossbridge formation

During contraction what chemical changes happen and what does it cause

Calcium is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum Binds to troponin which shifts tropomyosin Tropomyosin opens actin to be exposed to myosin

The amount of force produced in an instant is directly related to

The number of myosin crossbridges

Power stroke occurs when

ATP is hydrolysed

In order for the myosin head and actin to detach what is needed

Another ATP molcule

Relaxation occurs when

Stimulation of motor nerve stops Calcium is pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum

What neurotransmitter travels across the neuromuscular junction

Acetylcholine

All or none principle states that

All muscle fibers contract simultaneously

A twitch is a

Muscle contraction

Tetanus of a motor unit is

Summation of muscle twitches with high frequency forms maximal contraction

Proprioceptors are located within They detect

Joints Muscles Tendons Pressure and tension

Muscle spindles are what type of receptors They contain what kind of fibers

Proprioceptors Intrafusal fibers and extrafusal fibers

Muscles spindles detect changes in

Muscle length Rate of change in length

Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs) detect What do they do

Tension in the tendons Inhibit muscle activation in order to protect against excessive tension