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Cardiology > Chapter 1 Structures > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Lower tip of left ventricle

A

Apex of the heart

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2
Q

Tough, inelastic and outer connective tissue

A

Fibrous pericardium

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3
Q

Two functions of the pericardium

A

1) Anchoring in place (attached to the diaphragm)

2) Prevents the heart from over stretching

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4
Q

Two parts of the pericardium

A

1) Fibrous pericardium

2) Serous pericardium

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5
Q

Thinner, delicate and forms double layer around heart

A

Serous pericardium

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6
Q

Fused to fibrous pericardium

A

Parietal layer

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7
Q

Adheres tightly to the heart

A

Visceral layer (epicardium)

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8
Q

Three layers of the heart

A

1) Epicardium
2) Myocardium
3) Endocardium

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9
Q

What layer of the heart forms two separate networks via gap junctions and intercalated disks: Atrial and Ventricular

A

Myocardium

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10
Q

Lines the inside of myocardium and covers valves

A

Endocardium

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11
Q

Four chambers of the heart

A

2 Atria and 2 ventricles

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12
Q

What separates the chambers of the heart

A

Interatrial and interventricular septum

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13
Q

How many valves are in the heart?

A

4

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14
Q

Two atrioventricular valves

A

1) Tricuspid valve

2) Bicuspid valve (also known as mitral valve)

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15
Q

What connects to papillary muscles on the ventricle side that prevents valve cusps from pushing up into the atria when ventricles contract?

A

Chordae tendineae

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16
Q

Drain deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower body into the right atrium

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

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17
Q

Drains deoxygenated blood from the coronary veins into the right atrium

A

Coronary Sinus

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18
Q

Blood is pumped from the right atrium to the right ventricle to:

A

Pulmonary trunk which then branches into the pulmonary arteries

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19
Q

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs and transports it to the left atrium

A

Pulmonary veins

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20
Q

Carries oxygenated blood to the entire body from the left ventricle

A

Aorta

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21
Q

Blood that flows through the myocardium

A

Coronary circulation

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22
Q

Collects the heart’s deoxygenated blood and returns it to the right atrium

A

Coronary sinus

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23
Q

Where does cardiac excitation begin?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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24
Q

What does the SA node stimulate?

A

1) Atria (via Bachmann’s bundle) causing contraction
2) Atrioventricular (AV) node
3) AV bundle branches (Bundle of his)
4) Right and left bundle branches
5) Purkinje fibers

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25
Q

ECG wave that represents atrial depolarization

A

P wave

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26
Q

ECG, wave that represents ventricular depolarization

A

QRS Complex

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27
Q

ECG wave that represents ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

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28
Q

Typical cardiac cycle (one heartbeat) is how long?

A

0.8 seconds

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29
Q

Three phases in a cardiac cycle

A

1) Relaxation period
2) Atrial systole
3) Ventricular systole

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30
Q

Relaxation period is noted as what wave on an ECG?

A

T wave

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31
Q

Atrial systole is noted on an ECG as what wave?

A

P wave

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32
Q

Ventricular systole is noted on the ECG as what wave?

A

QRS complex

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33
Q

How much blood is ejected into circulation per pump?

A

70 ml

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34
Q

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta per minute

A

Cardiac Output (CO)

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35
Q

Cardiac output formula

A

Stroke volume x heart rate

36
Q

Thick, triple layered vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

37
Q

Thin vessels formed by arteries branching down in size

A

Arterioles

38
Q

Hair-like microscopic vessels found through the body. Also known as “Exchange Vessels”.

A

Capillaries

39
Q

Very thin vessels formed when capillaries reunite

A

Venules

40
Q

Designated vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart to be oxygenated

A

Veins

41
Q

Difference in the structure of veins and arteries

A

Veins have thinner middle and inner layers, and the lumen is generally larger

42
Q

What percentage of blood is stored in veins?

A

64%

43
Q

What moves nutrients and other substances out of blood efficiently?

A

Capillaries

44
Q

The ability of local tissues to adjust blood flow (constrict or dilate) into the area according to metabolic demands via vasodilators and vasoconstrictors

A

Autoregulation

45
Q

Where can you find the slowest rate of blood flow?

A

Capillaries

46
Q

What factors determine the amount of fluid in circulation?

A

1) BP

2) Osmosis

47
Q

The average volume of blood

A

5 liters (5.3 quarts)

48
Q

What percentage of blood loss is potentially life threatening?

A

10%

49
Q

Factors that regulate blood flow and BP

A

1) Cardiac output

2) Vascular resistance (opposition to flow)

50
Q

Vascular resistance depends on what?

A

1) Smaller lumen (Vasoconstriction)
2) Greater vessel length (weight gain)
3) Higher viscosity (as with high hematocrit)

51
Q

What part of the brain regulates blood flow to the body?

A

Medulla Oblongata

52
Q

Receptors that monitor movement of joints and muscles

A

Proprioceptors

53
Q

Pressure receptors found in the aorta and carotid arteries

A

Baroreceptors

54
Q

Receptors located in the arch of the aorta and carotid bodies that stimulate sympathetic and parasympathetic response to chemical changes in the body.

A

Chemoreceptors

55
Q

All systemic arteries branch off of:

A

Aorta

56
Q

All systemic veins empty into right atrium via:

A

1) Superior vena cave
2) Inferior vena cava
3) Coronary sinus

57
Q

Where gas exchange takes place to re-oxygenate blood

A

Pulmonary capillaries

58
Q

Four principal branches of the aorta

A

1) Ascending Aorta
2) Arch of the Aorta
3) Thoracic Descending Aorta
4) Abdominal Descending Aorta

59
Q

Coronary arteries branch off from where?

A

Ascending Aorta

60
Q

Where does the Brachiocephalic trunk branch off of?

A

Arch of the Aorta

61
Q

Where do Bronchial arteries, Esophageal arteries, Posterior intercostal arteries, and superior phrenic arteries branch off of?

A

Thoracic Aorta

62
Q

Veins transport blood back to the heart via pressure generated by:

A

1) Contractions of the heart
2) The skeletal muscle pump (contracting muscles for veins)
3) The respiratory pump

63
Q

What is the largest vein in the body?

A

Inferior vena cava

64
Q

Superficial Veins.

Drains the lateral aspect of upper limb

A

Cephalic veins

65
Q

Superficial Veins.

Drains medial aspect of upper limb

A

Basilic veins

66
Q

Superficial Veins.

Drains palms and forearms

A

Median antecubital veins

67
Q

Deep vein.

Drains lateral aspect of forearm

A

Radial veins

68
Q

Deep vein.

Drains medial aspect of forearm

A

Ulnar veins

69
Q

Deep vein.

Drains forearms, elbow joints, and arms

A

Brachial veins

70
Q

Deep vein.

Drains arms, axillae, and upper part of chest wall

A

Axillary veins

71
Q

Deep vein.

Drains arms, neck, and thoracic wall

A

Subclavian veins

72
Q

1) Blood drains from GI tract and spleen
2) Delivered to liver to process and absorb substances from GI tract
3) Blood then returns to circulation via hepatic vein

A

Hepatic portal circulation

73
Q

Superficial veins.

Drain leg, thigh, groin, external genitals, and abdominal wall.

A

Great Saphenous veins

74
Q

Superficial veins.

Drain foot and leg

A

Small Saphenous veins

75
Q

Deep Veins.

Drain foot and posterior leg muscles

A

Posterior tibial veins

76
Q

Deep Veins.

Drain ankle joint, knee joint, tibiofibular joint, and anterior leg

A

Anterior tibial veins

77
Q

Deep Veins.

Drain skin, muscles, and bones of the knee

A

Popliteal veins

78
Q

Deep Veins.

Drain muscles of the thigh, femurs, external genitalia, and superficial lymph nodes.

A

Femoral veins

79
Q

1) Inferior phrenic arteries (diaphragm)
2) Common hepatic artery: liver, stomach, duodenum, and pancreas
3) Left gastric artery: stomach esophagus
4) Splenic artery: spleen, pancreas, and stomach

Comes from where?

A

Celiac trunk, which is branched off of the abdominal aorta.

80
Q

Artery that supplies the small intestine, cecum, ascending and transverse colons, and pancreas

A

Superior mesenteric artery, which is branched off of the abdominal artery

81
Q

What artery supplies the adrenal glands?

A

Suprarenal arteries

82
Q

Artery that supplies kidneys

A

Renal arteries

83
Q

Arteries that supply testicular arteries or ovarian arteries

A

Gonadal arteries

84
Q

Artery that supplies the large intestine, part of the rectum, and descending colon

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

85
Q

What arteries branch to form the abdominal aorta?

A

Common iliac arteries

86
Q

How often should regular exercise occur to improve overall cardiovascular health?

A

At least 20 minutes 3-5 times a week

87
Q

What increases our body’s ability to dissolve blood clots by increasing fibrinolytic activity?

A

Exercise

Cardiology (5 decks)

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