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Cardiology > Chapter 2 Physical Exam > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Physical Exam Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What part of the stethoscope is used for low frequency sounds?

A

Bell

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2
Q

What part of the stethoscope is used for high frequency sounds?

A

Diaphragm

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3
Q

What is the order of the four components of the heart exam?

A

1) Inspection
2) Palpation
3) Percussion (Omitted)
4) Auscultation

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4
Q

Where is the Apical impulse located?

A

5th Left intercostal space, midclavicular line

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5
Q

What can be used to estimate the size of the heart instead of percussion?

A

Point of maximum impulse (PMI)

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6
Q

Closure of the mitral/tricuspid valves

A

S1

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7
Q

Closure of the aortic/pulmonic valves

A

S2

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8
Q

Early diastole (passive filling) vibration of ventricular walls

A

S3

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9
Q

What age is early diastole (S3) a pathological finding?

A

40+ y/o

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10
Q

Ventricular filling from atrial kick (late diastole) loss of compliance or increase stroke volume secondary to high output

A

S4

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11
Q

Potential causes that would cause S4

A

1) HTN
2) Coronary Artery Disease
3) Aortic stenosis
4) Cardiomyopathy

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12
Q

In what type of person is the heart more vertical and central?

A

Slender person

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13
Q

What type of person will the heart lie more horizontally and to the left?

A

Stocky person

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14
Q

Wide apical pulsation would indicate what?

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy

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15
Q

Loss of palpable apical pulsation may indicate what?

A

Fluid, air, or displacement

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16
Q

Thrills are associated with what pathologies?

A

1) Failure of Semilunar valve to close
2) Aortic/Pulmonary stenosis
3) Atrial septal defect

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17
Q

Loud S1 would suggest?

A

1) Increased blood velocity
2) Mitral stenosis
3) Heart block
4) Hypertension
5) Calcification of the mitral valve

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18
Q

Loud S2 would suggest what?

A

1) Hypertension
2) Valve disorder
3) Stenosis
4) Fluid

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19
Q

Mitral/Tricuspid stenosis

A

Diastolic

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20
Q

Aortic/Pulmonic Regurgitation

A

Diastolic

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21
Q

Mitral/Tricuspid Regurgitation

A

Systolic

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22
Q

Aortic/Pulmonic stenosis

A

Systolic

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23
Q

Mid systolic click with late high-pitched murmur would suggest?

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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24
Q

Pericardial sac inflammation would cause what?

A

Friction ribs. Parietal and visceral layers would make a sound like grating, machine-like, rubbing.

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25
What equipment do you need for a cardiac exam?
1) Pencil 2) 15cm ruler (tape and folding rulers) 3) Stethoscope with bell and diaphragm 4) BP Cuff
26
Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
Pulse pressure
27
Which part of the BP is more responsive to stimuli?
Systolic
28
What is the expected difference of BP between arms?
10mm Hg or less
29
What happens to BP when you stand?
Systolic pressure drops and diastolic pressure rises
30
Pulse pressure of 4
Bounding, aneurysmal
31
Pulse pressure of 3
Full, increased
32
Pulse pressure of 2
Expected
33
Pulse pressure of 1
Diminished, barely palpable
34
Pulse pressure of 0
Absent, not palpable
35
Where do you listen for venous hums?
Jugular veins over right clavicle
36
Pitting edema 1+
Slight pit, disappears rapidly (2-3mm)
37
Pitting edema 2+
Somewhat deep pit, disappears in 10 to 15 seconds (4-5mm)
38
Pitting edema 3+
Noticeable deep pit that lasts more than a minute (6-7mm)
39
Pitting edema 4+
Very deep pit that lasts 2-5 minutes (8-9mm)
40
Clinical test for thrombosis
Homan's sign
41
Typical adult range for BP
S: 100-140 D: 60-90
42
Pulse pressure range
30 to 40 mm Hg, even to as much as 50 mm Hg
43
Jugular distention >9 cm suggests what?
Ventricular failure
44
What happens to BP in old age?
Systolic increases, Diastolic decreases, with an overall increase in blood pressure
45
Mechanical wave propagated through a medium at high frequency to produce images of structures within the human body
Ultrasound
46
Sound in the mechanical vibrations that travels along longitudinal waves
Ultrasound
47
How are ultrasound waves generated?
Application of electric current to piezoelectric crystals in the US transducer (probe)
48
Phenomenon where distortion of a crystal causes an electrical change
Piezoelectric effect
49
Where can you find the best images in an ultrasound?
Directly below the probe
50
Ultrasound frequency used for deep abdominal imaging
Lower frequency
51
Ultrasound frequency used for shallow structures
Higher frequency
52
What color is tissue on an ultrasound?
Gray
53
What color is fluid on an ultrasound?
Black
54
Operating mode in which two-Demensional image is generated that portrays moving reflectors in color simultaneously with images
Color Flow Doppler
55
Regulates the amplification (brightness) of returning echoes to compensate for loss of transmitted sound caused by absorption and reflection
Gain
56
Refers to a lesion or tumor which produces a stronger echo than the surrounding structures
Hyperechoic
57
Refers to structures that contain fewer or weaker echoes than surrounding tissues
Hypoechoic
58
Ability to distinguish between two adjacent structures
Resolution
59
An electromechanical device that is part of an ultrasound system. The device that contacts the patient and converts electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa.
Transducer
60
How many colors does a color doppler have?
Two
61
What color is used to indicate flow going toward the probe?
Red
62
What color is used to indicate flow going away from the probe?
Blue
63
US probe used for abdominal and OB imaging
Curvilinear probes
64
US probe used for soft tissue and small parts imaging
Linear
65
US probe used to "bend" beam from flat, small footprint to a wider pie-shaped wedge distally
Phased array probe
66
Ultrasound, What will reveal a hypoechoic rim of fluid around the heart?
Pericardial effusion

Cardiology (5 decks)

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