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Chapter 1 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

The study of the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood.

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2
Q

Embryology

A

A subspecialty of developmental anatomy, considers changes from conceptions to the 8th week of development.

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3
Q

Cytology

A

Examines the structural features of cells

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4
Q

Histology

A

Examines fissures which are cells and the materials surrounding them

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5
Q

Gross anatomy

A

The study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope, can be approached from either a systemic or regional perspective.

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6
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

The body is studied system by system

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7
Q

Regional anatomy

A

The body is studied area by area

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8
Q

Surface anatomy

A

The study of the external form of the body and it’s relation to deeper structures

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9
Q

Anatomic imaging

A

X-Ray, MRI, CT, scan, ultrasound, used to create pictures of internal structures

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10
Q

Physiology

A

The scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things.

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11
Q

Cell physiology

A

Examines the processes occurring in cells

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12
Q

Systemic physiology

A

Considers the functions of organ systems

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13
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Focuses on the nervous system

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14
Q

Cardiovascular physiology

A

Deals with the heart and blood vessels

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15
Q

Pathology

A

Deals with all aspects of disease

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16
Q

Exercise physiology

A

Focuses on the changes in function, but also structure caused by exercise.

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17
Q

In order list the six levels of organization in the human body

A
  1. Chemical level
  2. Cell level
  3. Tissue level
  4. Organ level
  5. Organ system level
  6. Organism level
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18
Q

Chemical level

A

Atoms combine to form molecules

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19
Q

Cell level

A

Molecules form organelles, such as nucleus and mitochondria which make up cells

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20
Q

Tissue level

A

Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues

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21
Q

Organ level

A

Different tissues combine to form organs such as the urinary bladder

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22
Q

Organ system level

A

Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system

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23
Q

Organism level

A

Organ systems make up an organism

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24
Q

List the six characteristics of life

A

Organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction.

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25
Organization
The condition in which the parts of an organism have specific relationships to each other and the parts interact to perform specific functions
26
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions taking place in an organism
27
Responsiveness
The ability of an organism to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes
28
Growth
Happens when cells increase in size or number
29
Development
Includes the changes and organism undergoes through time, begins with fertilization and ends with death.
30
Differentiation
A change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized
31
Morphogenesis
Is the change in the shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism
32
Reproduction
The formation of new cells or new organisms.
33
Homeostasis
The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body
34
Variables
Volume, temperature, and chemical content. All of these must remain within a normal range in order to maintain homeostasis
35
Set point
Homeostatic mechanisms such as sweating or shivering, normally maintain body temperature near an ideal normal value or set point
36
Normal range
Body temperature increases and decreases slightly around a set point to produce a normal range of values
37
Negative feedback
Negative- feedback is used to try and maintain homeostasis, negative means that any deviation from the set point is made smaller
38
Three components of negative feedback mechanisms
Receptor, control center, effector
39
Receptor
Monitors the value of some variable such as blood pressure
40
Control center
Establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained
41
Effector
CN change the value of the variable
42
Stimulus
A deviation from the set point
43
Response
When the control center alerts the effector of the stimulus the effector produces a response which tends to turn the variable back to set point
44
Positive feedback responses
These are not homeostatic and are rare in healthy individuals, these lead away from the set point and in some cases results in death. Ex: childbirth
45
Anatomy
The scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure
46
Etymology
The origin or derivation of words
47
Anatomic position
Refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides and the palms of the hands facing forward
48
Supine
When the body is face up
49
Prone
When the body is face downward
50
Superior ( proximal)
Up
51
Anterior (ventral)
Front
52
Posterior (dorsal)
Back
53
Cephalic
Means towards the head
54
Caudal
Towards the tail, going downward
55
Ventral
Means belly
56
Dorsal
Means back
57
Proximal
Means nearest
58
Distal
Means distant
59
Medial
Towards the midline
60
Lateral
Away from the midline
61
Superficial
refers to a structure close to the surface of the body
62
Deep
Is toward the interior of the body
63
Arm
Extends from the shoulder to the elbow
64
Forearm
Extends from elbow to wrist
65
Thigh
Extends from hip to knee
66
Leg
Extends from knee to ankle
67
Central region of the body consists of
Head, neck and trunk
68
Trunk can be divided into
Thorax and abdomen
69
Four regions of the body
Upper left, lower left, upper right, lower right
70
The nine regions of the abdomen include
Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, left lumbar, umbilical, right lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
71
Planes
The body has imaginary flat surfaces called planes that dissect the body into different parts
72
Sagittal (median plane)
Divides the body in half splitting right down the midline and separating the legs
73
Transverse ( horizontal plane
Cuts the body in half horizontally dividend the body into inferior and superior portions
74
Frontal (coronal)
Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
75
Longitudinal section (incision)
A cut through the long axis of the organs
76
Transverse or cross
A cut at right angles to the long axis
77
Oblique
If a cut is made across the long axis at other than a right angle it is called an oblique section.
78
Thoracic cavity and mediastinum
Surrounded by the rib cage contains the heart lungs etc.
79
Mediastinum
Contains the heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus, and blood vessels and nerves. It divided the thoracic cavity into right and left parts with the lungs excluded and on either side
80
Abdominal cavity
Contains all of the digestive organs and more the diaphragm is directly above it with the pelvic cavity directly below.
81
Abdominopelvic cavity
Both the abdominal and pelvic cavities
82
Pelvic cavity
Contains the bladder, reproductive organs, part of the large intestine.
83
Serous membranes
Covers the organs of the trunk cavity and lines the trunk cavities
84
The visceral serous membrane
Covers the organ directly
85
Parietal serous membrane
The membrane outside of the visceral membrane, there is a cavity between these two
86
GSW directly into the heart list in order the membranes and cavities the bullet traveled through.
1. Parietal pericardium membrane 2. Pericardial cavity 3. Visceral pericardium 4. Heart
87
Pericardial cavity
Surrounds the heart
88
Pleural cavity
Surrounds the lungs
89
Peritoneal cavity
The abdominopelvic cavity contains this, and keeps many of the organs from rubbing against each other too much
90
Mesenteries
Consists of two layers of peritoneum fused together, connect the visceral peritoneum of some abdominopelvic organs to the parietal peritoneum to the body wall or to the visceral peritoneum of other organs. Anchors organs to the body wall and provides a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the body wall.
91
Retroperitoneal
Organs outside of the peritoneum, kidneys, pancreas, parts of the intestines, and the bladder

Anatomy (9 decks)

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