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Human Structure and Function I > Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two ways to observe anatomy?

A

Gross (with naked eye) and Microscopic

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2
Q

Name the six levels of structural organization from smallest to largest.

A

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level

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3
Q

What are tissues?

A

A group of similar cells that have the same function

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4
Q

Name the Organ systems (11)

A

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

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5
Q

What is the integumentary system? Name the organs in the system.

A

it is the external covering of the body, it includes skin, hair and nails

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6
Q

What is the function of the integumentary system? (5)

A

it waterproofs the body, cushions and protects the deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, excretes salts in preparation. And it is also the location of sensory receptors.

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7
Q

What does the skeletal system consist of?

A

bones, cartilages and joints

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8
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system? (6)

A

supporting the body, provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement, protects organs, skeleton cavities are sites for the formation of red blood cells, hard part of bones are storage for minerals.

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9
Q

What is the muscular system made out of?

A

muscles

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10
Q

What is the function of muscles?

A

to contract

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11
Q

What is the function of the muscular system?

A

move fluids or different substances along different pathways within the body

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12
Q

What does the nervous system consist of? (4)

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

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13
Q

What is the function of the nervous system? 2 steps

A

the sensory receptors detect changes in the environment and send messages to the CNS. The CNS then assess the information and responds by activating the appropriate body effectors

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14
Q

What do the endocrine glands include? (7)

A

pituitary, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries and testes

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15
Q

Both the nervous and the endocrine system control body activities, but what is the difference between them?

A

The endocrine system release hormones which causes it to act slower

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16
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

releases hormones to control body functions; like growth and reproduction

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17
Q

What are the primary organs of the cardiovascular system?

A

heart and blood vessels

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18
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system? (4)

A

Delivering oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other substances and picks up waste such as CO2. WBC in the blood help protect the body from pathogens and tumor cells.

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19
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

to propel blood from its chambers to the blood vessels

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20
Q

What structures are included in the lymphatic system?

A

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs such as spleen and tonsils

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21
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system? (3)

A

Collects fluid leakage from tissues from the blood, then returns it to bloodstream so that there is enough blood to continuously circulate through the blood.
The lymph nodes and lymphoid organs help cleanse the blood and house WBC involved in immunity

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22
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of (6)?

A

nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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23
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

to keep the blood supplied with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

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24
Q

What does the digestive system consist of? (7)

A

oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and other accessory organs

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25
Q

What is the function of the digestive system? (3)

A

To break down food and deliver the resulting nutrients to the blood for dispersal to body cells, indigestible foodstuffs are released as feces, and to reabsorb water

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26
Q

Which organ has both endocrine and digestive functions?

A

The pancreas

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27
Q

What does the excretory system consist of? (4)

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

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28
Q

What is the function of the urinary system? (4)

A

Removes wastes including the nitrogen-containing waste from the blood and flushes them in urine, maintaining body’s water and electrolyte balance, regulating acid/base balance of the blood, and helping to regulate normal blood pressure

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29
Q

What are the structures present in the male reproductive system? (5)

A

testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and the duct system

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30
Q

What are the structures present in the female reproductive system? (4)

A

ovaries, uterine tubes/fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

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31
Q

What is the main function of the reproductive system?

A

To produce offspring

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32
Q

What are the necessary life functions? (8)

A

Maintaining boundaries (between internal and external structures), movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth,

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33
Q

What is the body’s survival needs? (4)

A

nutrient, oxygen, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure

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34
Q

What is the term used to define a feature is towards the head?

A

superior

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35
Q

What is the term used to define a feature is towards the lower part of the body

A

inferior

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36
Q

What is the term used to define a feature is towards the front of the body?

A

anterior

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37
Q

What is the term used to define a feature is towards the backside of the body?

A

posterior

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38
Q

What is the term used to define a feature is towards the midline of the body, on the inner side of…

A

medial

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39
Q

What is the term used to define a feature is away from the middle side of the body, on the outer side of…

A

lateral

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40
Q

What is the term used to define a feature is between a more medial and lateral structure

A

intermediate

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41
Q

What is the term used to define a feature is close to the origin of the body or the point of attachment of a limb

A

proximal

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42
Q

What is the term used to define a feature is farther from the origin of the body, or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

A

distal

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43
Q

What is the term used to define a feature is toward or at the body surface

A

superficial

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44
Q

What is the term used to define a feature is away from the body surface

A

deep

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45
Q

What is the name of a section that is cut along the longitudinal plane?

A

sagittal section

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46
Q

What is it called when a cut is right down the median plane of the body, separating the left and right sections?

A

midsagittal section

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47
Q

What is the name of the cut that separates the anterior and posterior parts of a body

A

frontal/coronal section

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48
Q

What is the name of the cut that separates a body into superior and anterior parts?

A

transverse section

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49
Q

What is the anatomical name of the abdomen?

A

Abdominal

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50
Q

What is the anatomical name of point of shoulder?

A

acromial (ac=topmost, om= pertaining to the shoulder, )

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51
Q

What is the anatomical name of forearm?

A

antebrachial

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52
Q

What is the anatomical name of the anterior surface of elbow?

A

antecubital (in front of forearm/elbow)

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53
Q

What is the anatomical name of the armpit?

A

axillary

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54
Q

What is the anatomical name of the arm?

A

brachial

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55
Q

What is the anatomical name of the cheek area?

A

buccal (pertaining to the cheek)

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56
Q

What is the anatomical name of the wrist?

A

carpal

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57
Q

What is the anatomical name of the neck region?

A

cervical (pertaining to the neck)

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58
Q

What is the anatomical name of the hip?

A

coxal (related to the hip)

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59
Q

What is the anatomical name of the shin/anterior leg?

A

crural

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60
Q

What is the anatomical name of the curve of the shoulder?

A

deltoid (away from)

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61
Q

What is the anatomical name of the fingers?

A

digital

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62
Q

What is the anatomical name of the thighs?

A

femoral

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63
Q

What is the anatomical name of the lateral part of leg?

A

fibular

64
Q

What is the anatomical name of the forehead?

A

frontal

65
Q

What is the anatomical name of the groin?

A

ingiunal

66
Q

What is the anatomical name of the chin?

A

mental

67
Q

What is the anatomical name of the nose area?

A

nasal

68
Q

What is the anatomical name of the mouth?

A

oral

69
Q

What is the anatomical name of the eye area?

A

orbital

70
Q

What is the anatomical name of the anterior knee?

A

patellar

71
Q

What is the anatomical name of the relating to, or occurring in or on the chest?

A

pectoral

72
Q

What is the anatomical name of the pelvis?

A

pelvic

73
Q

What is the anatomical name of the genital region?

A

pubic

74
Q

What is the anatomical name of the breastbone area?

A

sternal

75
Q

What is the anatomical name of the ankle region?

A

tarsal

76
Q

What is the anatomical name of the chest?

A

thoracic (Thor)

77
Q

What is the anatomical name of the naval?

A

umbilical

78
Q

What is the anatomical name of the heel of foot?

A

calcaneal

79
Q

What is the anatomical name of the head?

A

cephalic

80
Q

What is the anatomical name of the thigh?

A

femoral

81
Q

What is the anatomical name of the buttock?

A

gluteal

82
Q

What is the anatomical name of the are of back between ribs and hips?

A

lumbar (lower back)

83
Q

What is the anatomical name of the base of skull?

A

occipital

84
Q

What is the anatomical name of the posterior surface of elbows?

A

olecranal (small ?)

85
Q

What is the anatomical name of the posterior knee area?

A

popliteal

86
Q

What is the anatomical name of the area between hips at the base of spine?

A

sacral

87
Q

What is the anatomical name of the shoulder blade region?

A

scapular

88
Q

What is the anatomical name of the calf?

A

sural

89
Q

What is the anatomical name of the area of the spinal coloumn?

A

vertebral

90
Q

What is the anatomical name of the sole of the foot?

A

plantar

91
Q

What are the two main body cavities?

A

Ventral and dorsal body cavity

92
Q

What does the dorsal body cavity consist of?

A

Cranial and spinal cavity

93
Q

What does the ventral body cavity consist of?

A

thoracic, abdominopelvic body cavities

94
Q

What does the abdominopelvic body cavity consist of?

A

abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity

95
Q

What is the mediastinum. and what is its function?

A

It is the space between the right and left lung. And it houses the
heart, trachea, and several other visceral organs.

96
Q

What cavity is most vulnerable when bodily trauma occurs, and why?

A

The abdominal cavity, because the cavity is made up of trunk muscles and not of bone

97
Q

What are the two ways to group the abdominopelvic region?

A

Using the quadrant method and the nine region method

98
Q

Name the four abdominopelvic quadrant regions:

A

left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant, right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant

99
Q

In regards to the nine abdominopelvic regions: name the uppermost three (from right to left according the anatomical position)

A

right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region

100
Q

In regards to the nine abdominopelvic regions: name the three middle regions

A

right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region

101
Q

In regards to the nine abdominopelvic regions: name the lowermost three regions

A

right iliac (inguinal) region, hypogastric (pubic) region, left iliac (inguinal) region

102
Q

Name the five smaller body cavities:

A

Oral cavity, digestive cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavity, middle ear cavity

103
Q

What are the three serous cavities?

A

Pleural (pertaining to the ribs), pericardial (surrounding the heart), and peritoneal (surrounding) cavities.

104
Q

What does the precardial cavity contain?

A

the heart

105
Q

What does the pleural cavity contain?

A

lungs

106
Q

What does the peritoneal cavity contain?

A

GI (gastrointestinal) organs

107
Q

What is the inner serosa (serous membrane) called?

A

Visceral serosa

108
Q

What is the outer serosa (serous membrane) called?

A

Parietal serosa

109
Q

What does the space between the inner and outer serosa contain?

A

serous fluid

110
Q

What is the name of both serosa membranes of the heart?

A

parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium

111
Q

What is the name of both serosa membranes of the lungs?

A

visceral pleural , parietal pleural

112
Q

What is the name of both serosa membranes of the GI organs?

A

parietal peritoneal, visceral peritoneal

113
Q

What is the function of the X-Ray (radiograph)?

A

Bone imaging

114
Q

What does CAT stand for?

A

Computerized axial tomography

115
Q

What does DSA stand for?

A

Digital subtraction angiography

116
Q

What does PET stand for?

A

Positron emission tomography

117
Q

What does MRI stand for?

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

118
Q

What is the function of the MRI scan? And what does it use?

A

Uses magnetic field, visualizing soft tissues

119
Q

What does sonography (ultrasound imaging) use?

A

Uses sound waves

120
Q

What is the function of the PET scan?

A

Observing metabolic processes

121
Q

What is the function of the DSA scan?

A

Visualizing blood vessels

122
Q

What is the function of the CAT scan?

A

Image represent thin slices of the body

123
Q

What are the two fundamental divisions of the body?

A

Axial region
Appendicular region

124
Q

What is the axial region and what does it include?

A

• Makes up the main axis of our body
• Includes the head, neck and trunk

125
Q

What does the appendicular region consist of?

A

• Consists of the appendages or limbs
• Attached to the body’s axis
• Consists of the upper and lower limbs

126
Q

Describe is the standard anatomical position

A

Erect with feet only slightly apart
– Palms face forward
– Thumbs point away from the body

127
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment in the body.

128
Q

What is the opposite of homeostasis?

A

Disease

129
Q

What is the lymphatic system’s contribution to homeostasis?

A

It maintains the volume of blood and nutrients

130
Q

What is the anatomical name of related to central part of the body?

A

Axial

131
Q

What is the anatomical name of related to extremities or limbs?

A

Appendicular

132
Q

What is the anatomical name of the face?

A

Facial

133
Q

What is the anatomical name of the portion of the skull surrounding the brain?

A

Cranial

134
Q

What are the 5 main stages homeostasis?

A
  1. Stimulus: produces change in variable
  2. Change detected by receptor
  3. Input: information sent along afferent pathway to control center
  4. Output: information sent along efferent pathway to effector
  5. Response of effector feeds to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis
135
Q

What are the two types of feed back responses?

A

Negative and positive feedback

136
Q

What is the main goal of negative feedback?

A

Depressing the stimulus until mechanism is shut off

137
Q

What is the main goal of positive feedback?

A

to enhance the stimulus so that the reaction occurs at a faster rate

138
Q

Which part of the brain controls body temperature?

A

hypothalamus

139
Q

What is the main goal of homeostasis?

A

to prevent sudden, severe changes in the body

140
Q

Give examples of negative feedback (8)

A

Regulation of body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, and blood levels of glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and minerals

141
Q

Which organ systems are the most important in the maintenance of homeostasis?

A

nervous and endocrine systems

142
Q

How does body react to an increase in temperature?

A

skin blood vessels dilate so that head would radiate from from skin surface, and sweat glands activate that secrete perspiration that would evaporate to cool of the body

143
Q

How does the body react to a decrease in temperature?

A

Skin blood vessels constrict and blood is diverted to deeper tissues, skeletal muscles shiver to increase movement or heat

144
Q

What is the control center for blood glucose maintenance?

A

The pancreas

145
Q

How does the pancreas react to a lack of glucose in blood?

A

Release glucagon-releasing cells to release glucagon that signals the liver to breakdown glycogen storage to glucose into blood

146
Q

What is an example of a harmful positive feedback mechanism.

A

High fever amplified when body is infected

147
Q

What is a helpful example of a positive feedback mechanism?

A

Oxytocin, a hypothalamic hormone, intensifies labor contractions during the birth of a baby, which causes the contractions to become more frequent and more powerful until the baby is finally born

148
Q

When is oxytocin release halted in childbirth?

A

When child is born

149
Q

Describe how the blood clotting mechanism works

A

positive feedback mechanism, when platelets find a break in blood vessel, they release a hormone to increase the amount of platelets

150
Q

Why is it easier for older people to get sick?

A

our body’s control systems become less efficient and less stable – increase risk of illness. Negative feedback mechanisms become overwhelmed and destructive positive feedback mechanisms take over

151
Q

What is the anatomical name of the ears?

A

Otic

152
Q

What are the main things that happen during prophase? 3

A

-The chromatin condenses to form chromosomes/2 chromatids held together by the centromere.
• The centrioles separate from each other and begin to move toward opposite poles of the cell forming the mitotic spindle
• In the end of prophase, the nuclear envelope and the nucleoli have
broken down and disappeared, and the chromosomes have attached
randomly to the spindle fibers by their centromeres.

153
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

-the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
-the spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids

154
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

The centromeres split. The chromatids begin to move toward opposite ends of the cell.

155
Q

What happens during telophase? 4

A

• The chromosomes become threadlike chromatin again.
• The spindle breaks down and disappears.
• The nuclear envelope forms around each chromatin mass
• The Nucleoli appear in each of the daughter nuclei

156
Q

When does cytokinesis occur?

A

happen in the end of anaphase through the Telophase

157
Q

When does crossing over occur in Meiosis?

A

Prophase 1

Human Structure and Function I (7 decks)

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