Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
What are the two ways to observe anatomy?
A
Gross (with naked eye) and Microscopic
2
Q
Name the six levels of structural organization from smallest to largest.
A
chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level
3
Q
What are tissues?
A
A group of similar cells that have the same function
4
Q
Name the Organ systems (11)
A
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
5
Q
What is the integumentary system? Name the organs in the system.
A
it is the external covering of the body, it includes skin, hair and nails
6
Q
What is the function of the integumentary system? (5)
A
it waterproofs the body, cushions and protects the deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, excretes salts in preparation. And it is also the location of sensory receptors.
7
Q
What does the skeletal system consist of?
A
bones, cartilages and joints
8
Q
What is the function of the skeletal system? (6)
A
supporting the body, provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement, protects organs, skeleton cavities are sites for the formation of red blood cells, hard part of bones are storage for minerals.
9
Q
What is the muscular system made out of?
A
muscles
10
Q
What is the function of muscles?
A
to contract
11
Q
What is the function of the muscular system?
A
move fluids or different substances along different pathways within the body
12
Q
What does the nervous system consist of? (4)
A
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
13
Q
What is the function of the nervous system? 2 steps
A
the sensory receptors detect changes in the environment and send messages to the CNS. The CNS then assess the information and responds by activating the appropriate body effectors
14
Q
What do the endocrine glands include? (7)
A
pituitary, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries and testes
15
Q
Both the nervous and the endocrine system control body activities, but what is the difference between them?
A
The endocrine system release hormones which causes it to act slower
16
Q
What is the function of the endocrine system?
A
releases hormones to control body functions; like growth and reproduction
17
Q
What are the primary organs of the cardiovascular system?
A
heart and blood vessels
18
Q
What is the function of the cardiovascular system? (4)
A
Delivering oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other substances and picks up waste such as CO2. WBC in the blood help protect the body from pathogens and tumor cells.
19
Q
What is the function of the heart?
A
to propel blood from its chambers to the blood vessels
20
Q
What structures are included in the lymphatic system?
A
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs such as spleen and tonsils
21
Q
What is the function of the lymphatic system? (3)
A
Collects fluid leakage from tissues from the blood, then returns it to bloodstream so that there is enough blood to continuously circulate through the blood.
The lymph nodes and lymphoid organs help cleanse the blood and house WBC involved in immunity
22
Q
What does the respiratory system consist of (6)?
A
nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
23
Q
What is the function of the respiratory system?
A
to keep the blood supplied with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
24
Q
What does the digestive system consist of? (7)
A
oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and other accessory organs
25
What is the function of the digestive system? (3)
To break down food and deliver the resulting nutrients to the blood for dispersal to body cells, indigestible foodstuffs are released as feces, and to reabsorb water
26
Which organ has both endocrine and digestive functions?
The pancreas
27
What does the excretory system consist of? (4)
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
28
What is the function of the urinary system? (4)
Removes wastes including the nitrogen-containing waste from the blood and flushes them in urine, maintaining body's water and electrolyte balance, regulating acid/base balance of the blood, and helping to regulate normal blood pressure
29
What are the structures present in the male reproductive system? (5)
testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and the duct system
30
What are the structures present in the female reproductive system? (4)
ovaries, uterine tubes/fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
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What is the main function of the reproductive system?
To produce offspring
32
What are the necessary life functions? (8)
Maintaining boundaries (between internal and external structures), movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth,
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What is the body's survival needs? (4)
nutrient, oxygen, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure
34
What is the term used to define a feature is towards the head?
superior
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What is the term used to define a feature is towards the lower part of the body
inferior
36
What is the term used to define a feature is towards the front of the body?
anterior
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What is the term used to define a feature is towards the backside of the body?
posterior
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What is the term used to define a feature is towards the midline of the body, on the inner side of...
medial
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What is the term used to define a feature is away from the middle side of the body, on the outer side of...
lateral
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What is the term used to define a feature is between a more medial and lateral structure
intermediate
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What is the term used to define a feature is close to the origin of the body or the point of attachment of a limb
proximal
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What is the term used to define a feature is farther from the origin of the body, or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
distal
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What is the term used to define a feature is toward or at the body surface
superficial
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What is the term used to define a feature is away from the body surface
deep
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What is the name of a section that is cut along the longitudinal plane?
sagittal section
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What is it called when a cut is right down the median plane of the body, separating the left and right sections?
midsagittal section
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What is the name of the cut that separates the anterior and posterior parts of a body
frontal/coronal section
48
What is the name of the cut that separates a body into superior and anterior parts?
transverse section
49
What is the anatomical name of the abdomen?
Abdominal
50
What is the anatomical name of point of shoulder?
acromial (ac=topmost, om= pertaining to the shoulder, )
51
What is the anatomical name of forearm?
antebrachial
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What is the anatomical name of the anterior surface of elbow?
antecubital (in front of forearm/elbow)
53
What is the anatomical name of the armpit?
axillary
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What is the anatomical name of the arm?
brachial
55
What is the anatomical name of the cheek area?
buccal (pertaining to the cheek)
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What is the anatomical name of the wrist?
carpal
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What is the anatomical name of the neck region?
cervical (pertaining to the neck)
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What is the anatomical name of the hip?
coxal (related to the hip)
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What is the anatomical name of the shin/anterior leg?
crural
60
What is the anatomical name of the curve of the shoulder?
deltoid (away from)
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What is the anatomical name of the fingers?
digital
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What is the anatomical name of the thighs?
femoral
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What is the anatomical name of the lateral part of leg?
fibular
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What is the anatomical name of the forehead?
frontal
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What is the anatomical name of the groin?
ingiunal
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What is the anatomical name of the chin?
mental
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What is the anatomical name of the nose area?
nasal
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What is the anatomical name of the mouth?
oral
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What is the anatomical name of the eye area?
orbital
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What is the anatomical name of the anterior knee?
patellar
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What is the anatomical name of the relating to, or occurring in or on the chest?
pectoral
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What is the anatomical name of the pelvis?
pelvic
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What is the anatomical name of the genital region?
pubic
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What is the anatomical name of the breastbone area?
sternal
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What is the anatomical name of the ankle region?
tarsal
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What is the anatomical name of the chest?
thoracic (Thor)
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What is the anatomical name of the naval?
umbilical
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What is the anatomical name of the heel of foot?
calcaneal
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What is the anatomical name of the head?
cephalic
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What is the anatomical name of the thigh?
femoral
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What is the anatomical name of the buttock?
gluteal
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What is the anatomical name of the are of back between ribs and hips?
lumbar (lower back)
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What is the anatomical name of the base of skull?
occipital
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What is the anatomical name of the posterior surface of elbows?
olecranal (small ?)
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What is the anatomical name of the posterior knee area?
popliteal
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What is the anatomical name of the area between hips at the base of spine?
sacral
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What is the anatomical name of the shoulder blade region?
scapular
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What is the anatomical name of the calf?
sural
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What is the anatomical name of the area of the spinal coloumn?
vertebral
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What is the anatomical name of the sole of the foot?
plantar
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What are the two main body cavities?
Ventral and dorsal body cavity
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What does the dorsal body cavity consist of?
Cranial and spinal cavity
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What does the ventral body cavity consist of?
thoracic, abdominopelvic body cavities
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What does the abdominopelvic body cavity consist of?
abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
95
What is the mediastinum. and what is its function?
It is the space between the right and left lung. And it houses the
heart, trachea, and several other visceral organs.
96
What cavity is most vulnerable when bodily trauma occurs, and why?
The abdominal cavity, because the cavity is made up of trunk muscles and not of bone
97
What are the two ways to group the abdominopelvic region?
Using the quadrant method and the nine region method
98
Name the four abdominopelvic quadrant regions:
left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant, right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant
99
In regards to the nine abdominopelvic regions: name the uppermost three (from right to left according the anatomical position)
right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region
100
In regards to the nine abdominopelvic regions: name the three middle regions
right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region
101
In regards to the nine abdominopelvic regions: name the lowermost three regions
right iliac (inguinal) region, hypogastric (pubic) region, left iliac (inguinal) region
102
Name the five smaller body cavities:
Oral cavity, digestive cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavity, middle ear cavity
103
What are the three serous cavities?
Pleural (pertaining to the ribs), pericardial (surrounding the heart), and peritoneal (surrounding) cavities.
104
What does the precardial cavity contain?
the heart
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What does the pleural cavity contain?
lungs
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What does the peritoneal cavity contain?
GI (gastrointestinal) organs
107
What is the inner serosa (serous membrane) called?
Visceral serosa
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What is the outer serosa (serous membrane) called?
Parietal serosa
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What does the space between the inner and outer serosa contain?
serous fluid
110
What is the name of both serosa membranes of the heart?
parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium
111
What is the name of both serosa membranes of the lungs?
visceral pleural , parietal pleural
112
What is the name of both serosa membranes of the GI organs?
parietal peritoneal, visceral peritoneal
113
What is the function of the X-Ray (radiograph)?
Bone imaging
114
What does CAT stand for?
Computerized axial tomography
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What does DSA stand for?
Digital subtraction angiography
116
What does PET stand for?
Positron emission tomography
117
What does MRI stand for?
Magnetic resonance imaging
118
What is the function of the MRI scan? And what does it use?
Uses magnetic field, visualizing soft tissues
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What does sonography (ultrasound imaging) use?
Uses sound waves
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What is the function of the PET scan?
Observing metabolic processes
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What is the function of the DSA scan?
Visualizing blood vessels
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What is the function of the CAT scan?
Image represent thin slices of the body
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What are the two fundamental divisions of the body?
Axial region
Appendicular region
124
What is the axial region and what does it include?
• Makes up the main axis of our body
• Includes the head, neck and trunk
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What does the appendicular region consist of?
• Consists of the appendages or limbs
• Attached to the body’s axis
• Consists of the upper and lower limbs
126
Describe is the standard anatomical position
Erect with feet only slightly apart
– Palms face forward
– Thumbs point away from the body
127
What is homeostasis?
The ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment in the body.
128
What is the opposite of homeostasis?
Disease
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What is the lymphatic system's contribution to homeostasis?
It maintains the volume of blood and nutrients
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What is the anatomical name of related to central part of the body?
Axial
131
What is the anatomical name of related to extremities or limbs?
Appendicular
132
What is the anatomical name of the face?
Facial
133
What is the anatomical name of the portion of the skull surrounding the brain?
Cranial
134
What are the 5 main stages homeostasis?
1. Stimulus: produces change in variable
2. Change detected by receptor
3. Input: information sent along afferent pathway to control center
4. Output: information sent along efferent pathway to effector
5. Response of effector feeds to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis
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What are the two types of feed back responses?
Negative and positive feedback
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What is the main goal of negative feedback?
Depressing the stimulus until mechanism is shut off
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What is the main goal of positive feedback?
to enhance the stimulus so that the reaction occurs at a faster rate
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Which part of the brain controls body temperature?
hypothalamus
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What is the main goal of homeostasis?
to prevent sudden, severe changes in the body
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Give examples of negative feedback (8)
Regulation of body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, and blood levels of glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and minerals
141
Which organ systems are the most important in the maintenance of homeostasis?
nervous and endocrine systems
142
How does body react to an increase in temperature?
skin blood vessels dilate so that head would radiate from from skin surface, and sweat glands activate that secrete perspiration that would evaporate to cool of the body
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How does the body react to a decrease in temperature?
Skin blood vessels constrict and blood is diverted to deeper tissues, skeletal muscles shiver to increase movement or heat
144
What is the control center for blood glucose maintenance?
The pancreas
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How does the pancreas react to a lack of glucose in blood?
Release glucagon-releasing cells to release glucagon that signals the liver to breakdown glycogen storage to glucose into blood
146
What is an example of a harmful positive feedback mechanism.
High fever amplified when body is infected
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What is a helpful example of a positive feedback mechanism?
Oxytocin, a hypothalamic hormone, intensifies labor contractions during the birth of a baby, which causes the contractions to become more frequent and more powerful until the baby is finally born
148
When is oxytocin release halted in childbirth?
When child is born
149
Describe how the blood clotting mechanism works
positive feedback mechanism, when platelets find a break in blood vessel, they release a hormone to increase the amount of platelets
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Why is it easier for older people to get sick?
our body’s control systems become less efficient and less stable – increase risk of illness. Negative feedback mechanisms become overwhelmed and destructive positive feedback mechanisms take over
151
What is the anatomical name of the ears?
Otic
152
What are the main things that happen during prophase? 3
-The chromatin condenses to form chromosomes/2 chromatids held together by the centromere.
• The centrioles separate from each other and begin to move toward opposite poles of the cell forming the mitotic spindle
• In the end of prophase, the nuclear envelope and the nucleoli have
broken down and disappeared, and the chromosomes have attached
randomly to the spindle fibers by their centromeres.
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What happens during metaphase?
-the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
-the spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids
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What happens during anaphase?
The centromeres split. The chromatids begin to move toward opposite ends of the cell.
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What happens during telophase? 4
• The chromosomes become threadlike chromatin again.
• The spindle breaks down and disappears.
• The nuclear envelope forms around each chromatin mass
• The Nucleoli appear in each of the daughter nuclei
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When does cytokinesis occur?
happen in the end of anaphase through the Telophase
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When does crossing over occur in Meiosis?
Prophase 1
