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Human Structure and Function I > Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What form is DNA in when a cell is not dividing?

A

Chromatin

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2
Q

What form is DNA in when a cell is dividing?

A

Chromosomes

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3
Q

What is the name of proteins that chromatin is wound around?

A

histones

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4
Q

What are the three types of cell junctions?

A

Tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

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5
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

impermeable junctions that encircle the cells and bind them together into leakproof sheets

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6
Q

What is the function of tight junctions?

A

to prevent substances from passing through the extracellular space between cells

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7
Q

What is the function of desmosomes?

A

They prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress (such as heart muscle cells and skin cells) from being pulled apart.

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8
Q

What is the structure of desmosomes junctions?

A

thickenings of adjacent plasma membranes (plaques) that are connected by fine protein filaments (made of cadherins). Thicker protein filaments extend from the plaques inside the cells to the plaques on the cells’ opposite sides

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9
Q

What is the function of gap junctions?

A

to allow communication

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10
Q

What is the structure of gap junctions?

A

hollow cylinders composed of proteins (called connexons) that span the entire width of the neighboring membranes (which are therefore called transmembrane proteins)

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11
Q

What type of molecules cannot move across gap junctions?

A

macromolecules

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12
Q

What are the three alternate types for the cell membrane junctions?

A

impermeable junctions, anchoring junction, communicating/transmembrane junctions

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13
Q

What are the three major components of cytoplasm?

A

cytosol, inclusions, organelles

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14
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

It’s a semi-transparent fluid that suspends the other elements (organelles, particles)

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15
Q

What is dissolved in the cytosol?

A

nutrients and other solutes

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16
Q

What are inclusions?

A

Inclusions are non-living chemical substances that may or may not be present, depending on the specific cell type. Most are stored nutrients or cell products floating in the cytosol.

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17
Q

What are examples of inclusions? (4)

A

lipid droplets, glycogen granules, pigments, mucus

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18
Q

What are organelles?

A

specialized cellular compartments that are the metabolic machinery of the cell

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19
Q

What are the protrusions within the second plasma membrane of mitochondria called?

A

cristae

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20
Q

What is the difference between ribosomes in the cytoplasm and the ribosomes stuck to the RER?

A

The ribosomes stuck to the RER produces proteins that functions outside of the cell

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21
Q

What is the structure of peroxisomes?

A

Membranous sacs of oxidase and catalase enzymes.

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22
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

The enzymes detoxify a number of toxic substances such as free radicals. The most important enzyme, catalase, breaks down
hydrogen peroxide

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23
Q

In what conditions do lysosomes (sacs that contain very powerful enzymes) burst?

A

when the cell is injured or deprived of oxygen and when excessive amounts of vitamin A are present

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24
Q

What is the structure of microtubules?

A

Cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins.

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25
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

Support the cell and give it shape. Involved in intracellular and cellular movements. Form centrioles and cilia and flagella, if present

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26
Q

What is the structure of microfilaments?

A

Fine filaments composed of the protein actin.

27
Q

What is the function of microfilaments?

A

Involved in muscle contraction and other types of intracellular movement; help form the cell cytoskeleton and microvilli, if present

28
Q

what is the structure of intermediate filaments?

A

Protein fibers; composition varies.

29
Q

what is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

The stable cytoskeletal elements; resist mechanical forces acting on the cell

30
Q

What is the structure of centrioles?

A

paired cylindrical bodies, each composed of nine triplets of microtubules

31
Q

what is the function of centrioles?

A

Organize a microtubule network during mitosis (cell division) to form the spindle and asters. Form the bases of cilia and flagella.

32
Q

What is an example of cell that connects body parts?

A

fibroplast
erthyrocyte (RBC)

33
Q

What is an example of cell that cover and line body organs

A

epithelial cells

34
Q

What is an example of cell that moves organs and body parts

A

Skeletal
cardiac
smooth muscle cells

35
Q

What is an example of a cell that stores nutrients?

A

fat cell

36
Q

What is an example of a cell that fights diseases?

A

WBC

37
Q

What is an example of a cell that gathers information and controls body functions?

A

nerve cell

38
Q

What is an example of a cell that reproduces?

A

Oocyte

39
Q

page 102

A
40
Q

What is the segment of DNA where transcription begins and ends called?

A

Promoter and terminator

41
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

directs the synthesis of proteins

42
Q

What is the function of rRna?

A

joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes

43
Q

What is the function of tRNA

A

transfers amino acids

44
Q

What is always the starting amino acid?

A

methionine

45
Q

Which molecules are able to simply diffuse into a cell?

A

lipid-soluble small molecules

46
Q

What molecules are eligible for carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

lipid insoluble solutes

47
Q

What molecules are eligible for channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

small lipid insoluble solutes

48
Q

is glucose charges?

A

YES

49
Q

What is the term used for when a vesicle enters a cell then promptly leaves it?

A

transcytosis

50
Q

What is primary active transport?

A

An active process in which a substance moves across the membrane against its concentration gradient by pumps that use ATP for energy

51
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

Coupled active transport of two substances across the membrane using energy supplied by a Na+ or H+ concentration gradient maintained by primary active transport pumps. Where which antiporters move Na+ or H+ in different directions across the membrane, and symporters move Na+ and H+ in the same direction across the membrane

52
Q

How long is G1 phase in mitosis?

A

8-10 hours

53
Q

How long is the synthesis phase in mitosis?

A

8 hours

54
Q

How long is the G2 phase in mitosis?

A

4-6 hours

55
Q

What is another word for mitosis?

A

Somatic cell divison

56
Q

Why is mitosis called somatic cell division?

A

Because it happens in somatic cells (all cells except for gametes)

57
Q

In which mitosis step does cytokinesis happen with?

A

telophase

58
Q

How many HOMOLOGOUS pairs of chromosomes do somatic cells have?

A

(depends on sex of individual) 22 homologous pairs, and 1 pair are sex chromosomes (xY or YY) for a total of 23 pairs

59
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

A solution that contains more solutes than inside the cell

60
Q

What happens to a cell when it is placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

Cell begins to shrink

61
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

A solution that contains fewer solutes

62
Q

What happens to a cell that is placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

they burst or lyse

63
Q

What is filtration?

A

the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane
(or capillary wall) by fluid, or hydrostatic, pressure

64
Q

What causes aging (rapid reproduction of a cell, part, or organism.)? (2)

A

• People under stress have shorter telomeres than others
• Free radicals and glycation of cellular structures

Human Structure and Function I (7 decks)

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