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Human Structure and Function I > Chapter 4: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of our body weight is exclusively skin?

A

7%

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2
Q

What are the two layers of skin?

A

Epidermis and Dermis

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3
Q

What is the deepest layer of the skin called?

A

Hypodermis

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4
Q

What are the types of cell in the epidermis?(4)

A

Keratinocytes, merkel cells, langerhans/dentritic cells, melanocytes

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5
Q

What is the most abundant type of cell in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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6
Q

What type of cell is the epidermis?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelial

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7
Q

What is the Pacinian corpuscle?

A

Sensory organ

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8
Q

What is the functions of keratinocytes?

A

Produce keratin

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9
Q

What is the function of merkel cells?

A

Detection of light touch and pressure

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10
Q

Where is the Merkel cells found?

A

At the dermo epidermal junction

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11
Q

What are the Langerhans/dentritic cells?

A

Phagocytic cells

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12
Q

What is the function of melanocytes? (2)

A

Production of pigment melanin
Protects against UV radiation

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13
Q

What are the five layers of epidermis? Name them from deep to superficial

A
  1. Stratum basale (mitotic layer) [stratum germinativum]
  2. Stratum spinosum (spiny layer)
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum (clear layer)
  5. Stratum corneum (horny layer)
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14
Q

What is the function of stratum basale?

A

Contain stem cells that undergo mitosis to form keratinocytes which form the more superficial layers of epidermis

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15
Q

What cells do stratum basale contain?

A

Merkel cells and Melanocytes

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16
Q

Which layer contains some amount of mitotic cell activity?

A

Stratum spinosum

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17
Q

Why is the stratum spinosum called the spiky layer?

A

Cells are held together with spiny projections

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18
Q

What cells does stratum spinosum contain?

A

langerhans cells

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19
Q

What does Stratum granulosum consist of?

A

Keratinocytes with deep staining granules

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20
Q

What are the two types of granules in stratum granulosum?

A

keratohyalin granules and lamellated granules

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21
Q

What is the function of keratohyalin granules?

A

help form keratin

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22
Q

What is the function of lamellated granules?

A

Contain a waterproofing glycolipid

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23
Q

What is the stratum lucidum layer composed of?

A

a few rows of flat, dead, keratinocytes

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24
Q

Where is stratum lucidum layer seen?

A

only in thick skin

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25
Which layer is not seen on every surface of the body?
stratum lucidum
26
What is the stratum corneum composed of?
thick layer if dead keratinocytes and thickened plasma membranes
27
What is the function of stratum corneum?
protects skin against dehydration, abrasion and penetration by microbes
28
What are the extensions of the dermis called?
Dermil papillae
29
What are the extension/depressions of the epidermis into the dermis called?
epidermal ridges
30
What does the dermis contain? (4)
Blood vessels, sweat, sebaceous glands and lamellar corpuscles
30
What is the dermis composed of? Name them from superficial to deep
1. Papillary layer 2. Reticular layer
31
What is the papillary layer composed of?
areolar CT
32
Which layer produces sweat that leaves fingerprints in hands and feet?
papillary layer
33
How much of the dermal layer is reticular layer?
80%
34
What is the reticular layer composed of?
dense irregular CT
35
What is another name for hypodermis?
superficial fascia or subcutaneous layer
36
What tissues does hypodermis contain?
contains areolar and adipose connective tissues
37
What is the function of hypodermis? 3
anchors skin to underlying structures, thermal insulator, acts as shock absorber
38
What is alibinism?
A genetic disorder with inability if melanocytes to produce melanin, which affects coloring of skin hair and nails
39
What is vitiligo?
The melanocytes in certain areas lose their ability to produce melanin, possible due to an autoimmune reaction. This leads to a loss of color in patches
40
What are the accessory skin structures (appendages) 3
Hair, glands, nails
41
Where is hair not found? 6
palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of external genitalia, and distal segments of fingers and toes
42
What type of glands are included in the skin? 3
sebaceous (oil) glands sweat glands mammary glands
43
What is hair made of?
Flexible type of dead, keratinizes epithelial structure
44
What are the main parts of the hair?
root and shaft
45
What is the root?
the part of hair that is imbedded in the skin and enclosed in a sheath (hair follicle)
46
What is the shaft?
Part of the hair that projects above the skin surface
47
What is the three concentric layers of keratinized cells?
medulla (central core), cortex (surrounds medulla), cuticle (outermost layer)
48
What is a hair follicle made up of?
hair bulb and root plexus
49
What is the hair bulb?
deep, expanded end of the hair follicle
50
What is the root plexus?
knot of sensory nerves around the hair bulb
51
What is the hair bulb composed of?
Hair follicle, wall of hair follicle and arrector pilli muscle
52
What is the wall of hair follicle made of?
inner connective tissue root sheath and outer epithelial root sheath
53
What is the arrector pilli muscle and what does it do?
It is a bundle of smooth muscle that connects hair follicle to dermal tissue and contracts to erect hair
54
Where are sebaceous glands found?
everywhere in the body
55
What type of glands are sebaceous glands?
exocrine glands
56
What do sebaceous glands secrete?
sebum, an oily substance
57
How does sebaceous glands secrete sebum?
Holocrine secretion - entire cell breaks up to form secretion
58
What type of exocrine glands is sebaceous glands?
simple branched alveolar gland
59
What is the function of sebum? 2
Softens and lubricated hair and skin prevents bacterial infection
60
What is another name for sweat gland?
sudoriferous glands
61
What is sweat made up of?
99% water with some salts and traces of metabolic wastes
62
What are the two types of sweat glands?
eccrine glans and apocrine glans
63
Which gland produces true sweat?
Eccrine gland
64
How does sweat from eccrine gland reach skin surface?
through a duct that open externally through sweat pore
65
What is the most numerous sweat gland?
eccrine gland
66
Where is apocrine sweat gland found? 3
axillary, anal and genital areas
67
What is the larger sweat gland?
aprocrine gland
68
What does apocrine gland produce?
special kind of sweat
69
How does the sweat from apocrine gland move to the surface?
their ducts empty into hair follicle
70
What are nails made of?
hard dead keratin
71
Where do nails grow from?
nail matrix
72
What are the parts of nails?
free edge, body and root
73
How are burns classified?
By area and depth (degree) of burn
74
How is first degree burn classified?
only epidermis is damaged (ex. sunburn)
75
How is second degree burn classified?
upper part of dermis is also damaged. Blisters appear bur skin heals with little scarring
76
How is third degree burn classified?
consumption of all thickness of skin (dermis and epidermis), are turns white, red or blackened. Heals with scarring but needs skin grafting
77
How is fourthdegree burn classified?
Full thickness burns but extend to deeper tissues
78
What is the rule of 9?
Ant. and pos. head and neck = 9% Ant. and pos. upper limbs 18% Ant. and posterior trunk 36% Anterior and post. low limb 36% Perinum = 1%
79
Define neoplasms
An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should
80
What is an example of a benign neoplasm?
Warts (HPV virus)
81
What is the least malignant neoplasm?
basal carcinoma
82
What is the most malignant neoplasm?
malignant melanoma
83
What is the another type of malignant neoplasm?
squamous cell carcinoma
84
What is most common malignant neoplasm?
basal cell carcinoma
85
Where and how does squamous cell carcinoma arise?
UV exposure, arises in stratum spinosum
86
Which cell is malignant melanoma arised from?
melanocytes
87
How does malignant melanoma arise?
accumulated DNA damage in a skin cell

Human Structure and Function I (7 decks)

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