Chapter 1 The sociological Perspective

Question 1

Understanding human behavior by placing it within its (broader social context)

Answer 1

sociological perspective

Question 2

people who share a (culture and a territory)

Answer 2

Society

Question 3

the group (memberships) that people have because of their (location) in history and society

Answer 3

social location

Question 4

the application of systematic methods to obtain knowledge and the knowledge obtained by those methods

Answer 4

science

Question 5

the use of
objective,
systematic
observations
To test theories

Answer 5

scientific method

Question 6

credited as the founder of sociology and positivism

Answer 6

Auguste Comte

Question 7

the application of the (scientific approach) to the (social world)

Answer 7

positivism

Question 8

the scientific study of society and human behavior

Answer 8

sociology

Question 9

called the second founder of sociology and coined the term survival of the fittest

-the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better

Answer 9

Herbert Spencer

Question 10

believed that the roots of human misery lay in class conflict

Answer 10

Karl Marx

Question 11

Marx’s term for the struggle between capitalists and workers

Answer 11

class conflict

Question 12

Karl Marx’s term for capitalists, those who own the means of production

Answer 12

bour-geoi-sie

(boo-shwa-ZEE)

Question 13

Marx’s term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

Answer 13

pro-let-ariat

Question 14

Communist Manifesto.

Answer 14

Communist Manifesto.

Question 15

the degree to which members of a group or a (society) are united by (shared values) and other social bonds; also known as social cohesion

Answer 15

Social Integration

Question 16

People are more likely to commit suicide if their ties to others in their communities are weak

Answer 16

Emile Durkheim (1858–1917)

Question 17

(recurring) characteristics or events.

Answer 17

patterns of behavior

Question 18

protestant ethic

the value attached to hard work, thrift, and efficiency in one’s worldly calling, Calvinist view, eternal salvation

Answer 18

Max Weber -

Question 19

Racism at the Time

spent his lifetime studying relations between African Americans and whites.

Answer 19

W(illiam) E(dward) B(urghardt)

aka W. E. B. Du Bois

Question 20

Sociologist and Social Reformer

worked on behalf of poor immigrants. With Ellen G. Starr, she founded Hull-House, a center to help immigrants in Chicago. She was also a leader in women’s rights (women’s suffrage), as well as the peace movement of World War I.

Answer 20

Jane Addams

Question 21

Theory versus Reform

was a controversial figure in sociology because of his analysis of the role of the power elite in U.S. society.

Answer 21

Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills:

Question 22

studied crime, drug addiction, juvenile delinquency, and prostitution but also offered suggestions for how to alleviate these social problems.

Answer 22

Robert Park and Ernest Burgess

Question 23

developed abstract models of society that influenced a generation of sociologists. His models of how the parts of society work together harmoniously did nothing to stimulate social activism.

Answer 23

Talcott Parsons (1902–1979),

Question 24

social-conflict theorist who argued that a simple few individuals within the political, military and corporate realms actually held the majority of power within the United States and that these few individuals made decisions that resounded throughout all American lives.

Answer 24

C. Wright Mills theory

Question 25

those things that “everyone knows” are true

Answer 25

common sense

Question 26

a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how (two or more facts are related) to one another

Answer 26

Theroy

Question 27

(things to which we attach meaning)— these are the key to understanding how we view the world and communicate with one another.

Answer 27

Symbolic Interactionism George Herbert Mead & Charles Horton Cooley

Question 28

The central idea of __________ is that society is a whole unit, made up of (interrelated parts) that work together.

Answer 28

functional analysis

Question 29

dismissed the comparison of society to a living organism, but he did maintain the essence of functionalism

Answer 29

Robert Merton

Question 30

a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources

Answer 30

Conflict Theory

Question 31

Face-to-face interaction, how people use symbols to create social life

Answer 31

Symbolic Interactionism Microsociological: examines small-scale patterns of social interaction

Question 32

Relationships among the parts of society; how these parts are functional (have beneficial consequences) or dysfunctional (have negative consequences)

Answer 32

Functional Analysis Macrosociological: examines large-scale patterns of society (also called functionalism and structural functionalism)

Question 33

The struggle for scarce resources by groups in a society; how the elites use their power to control the weaker groups

Answer 33

Conflict Theory Macrosociological: examines large-scale patterns of society

Question 34

communication (without words through gestures), use of space, silence, and so on

Answer 34

nonverbal interactions

Question 35

list 8 the stages of the research model 1. Select topic that defines the problem to review literature that formulates a hypothesis, 2. then choose a research method to collect data that analyzes the results for sharing

Answer 35

1 .Selecting a Topic 2. Defining the Problem 3. Reviewing the Literature 4. Formulating a Hypothesis 5. Choosing a Research Method 6. Collecting the Data 7. Analyzing the Results 8. Sharing the Results

Question 36

The 10 main elements of the seven research methods. 1. you surveys by selecting a sample so ask natural question, only certain types of questions 2. establish rapport for participant observation so your case studies and secondary analysis can help the experiments. Be sure to use unobtrusive measures

Answer 36

1. surveys 2. Selecting a Sample 3. asking neutral questions 4. types of questions 5. establishing rapport 6. participant observation (fieldwork) 7. case studies 8. secondary analysis 9. experiments 10. unobtrusive measures

Question 37

a general statement about how (facts) are related to one another. Provides a conceptual (framework) for interpreting (facts)

Answer 37

Theory

Question 38

the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next.

Answer 38

Culture

Question 39

things as jewelry, art, buildings, weapons, machines, and even eating utensils, hairstyles, and clothing

Answer 39

material culture

Question 40

a group’s ways of thinking (its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing (its common patterns of behavior, including language, gestures, and other forms of interaction).

Answer 40

nonmaterial culture

Question 41

the (disorientation) that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life

Answer 41

Culture shock ethno-centrism

Question 42

a tendency to use our own group’s ways of doing things as a yardstick for judging others.

Answer 42

ethnocentrism

Question 43

To (understand a culture) on its own terms. This means looking at how the elements of a culture fit together, (without judging) those elements as inferior or superior to our own way of life.

Answer 43

cultural relativism

Question 44

Sociologists often refer to nonmaterial culture as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, because it consists of the symbols that people use.

Answer 44

symbolic culture

Question 45

A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is something to which people (attach meaning) and that they use (to communicate) with one another.

Answer 45

symbol

Question 46

movements of the body to communicate with others are shorthand ways to convey messages without using words.

Answer 46

Gestures

Question 47

symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways for the purpose of communicating abstract thought

Answer 47

language

Question 48

challenges common sense: It indicates that rather than objects and events forcing themselves onto our consciousness, it is our language that determines our consciousness and hence our perception of objects and events.

Answer 48

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Question 49

ideas of what is desirable in life.

Answer 49

values

Question 50

expectations concerning the “right” way to reflect its values, and develop out of a group’s values.

Answer 50

norms

Question 51

the reactions people receive for following or breaking norms.

Answer 51

sanctions

Question 52

expresses approval for following a norm,

Answer 52

positive sanction

Question 53

reflects disapproval for breaking a norm.

Answer 53

negative sanction

Question 54

Norms that are not strictly enforced are called

Answer 54

folkways

Question 55

Other norms, however, are taken much more seriously. We think of them as essential to our core values, and we insist on conformity. These are called

Answer 55

mores

Question 56

refers to a norm so strongly ingrained that even the thought of its violation is greeted with revulsion.

Answer 56

taboo

Question 57

Sociologists and politicians form a ______ a world within the larger world of the dominant culture

Answer 57

subculture

Question 58

a group whose values, beliefs, norms, and related behaviors place its members in (opposition to) the broader (culture)

Answer 58

counterculture

Question 59

The United States is a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, made up of many different groups

Answer 59

pluralistic society

Question 60

The country’s\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are those that are shared by most of the groups that make up U.S. society

Answer 60

core values

Question 61

(values) that together form a larger (whole)

Answer 61

value cluster

Question 62

(values that contradict) one another; to follow the one means to come into conflict with the other

Answer 62

value contradiction

Question 63

a people’s (ideal) values and norms; the goals held out for them

Answer 63

ideal culture

Question 64

the norms and values that people actually follow; as (opposed to ideal culture)

Answer 64

real culture

Question 65

a value, norm, or other cultural trait that is found in every group

Answer 65

cultural universal

Question 66

A controversial view of human behavior,

Answer 66

sociobiology

Question 67

adopted Spencer’s idea of natural selection, pointed out that the genes of a species—the units that contain an individual’s traits—are not distributed evenly among a population.

Answer 67

Charles Darwin

Question 68

insect specialist, set off an uproar when he claimed that human behavior is like the behavior of cats, rats, bats, and gnats

Answer 68

Edward Wilson

Question 69

in its narrow sense, (tools); its broader sense includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those (tools)

Answer 69

technology

Question 70

refer to an (emerging technology) that has a significant impact on social life.

Answer 70

new technology

Question 71

coined the term cultural lag not all parts of a culture change at the same pace. When one part of a culture changes, other parts lag behind.

Answer 71

William Ogburn

Question 72

the (spread of cultural) traits from one group to another; includes both material and nonmaterial cultural traits

Answer 72

cultural diffusion

Question 73

a process by which cultures become (more and more similar to one another).

Answer 73

cultural leveling

Question 74

A second major trend, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, is likely to (broaden sociological horizons), refocusing research and theory away from its concentration on U.S. society.

Answer 74

globalization

Question 75

A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_is a human child who has lived isolated from human contact from a very young age, and has no (or little) experience of human care, loving or social behavior, and, crucially, of human language

Answer 75

Feral children

Question 76

the entire human (environment), including (interaction with others)

Answer 76

social environment

Question 77

the process by which (people learn the characteristics of their group) —the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, norms, and actions thought appropriate for them

Answer 77

socialization

Question 78

the unique human capacity of being able to (see ourselves) “from the outside”; the views we internalize of how we think (others see us)

Answer 78

self

Question 79

a term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our (self) develops through (internalizing others’ reactions to us)

Answer 79

looking-glass self

Question 80

putting yourself in someone else’s shoes; understanding how someone else feels and thinks, so you anticipate how that person will act

Answer 80

taking the role of the other

Question 81

an individual who (significantly) influences someone else

Answer 81

significant other

Question 82

the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of people “in general”; the child’s ability to take the role of the (generalized other) is a significant step in the development of a self

Answer 82

generalized other

Question 83

Mead’s Three Stages

Answer 83

stage 1: imitation stage 2: play stage 3: team games

Question 84

Piaget concluded that children go through a natural process that has four stages, what are they?

Answer 84

This process has four stages. 1. the sensorimotor stage 2. The preoperational stage 3. The concrete operational stage 4. The formal operational stage

Question 85

Freud’s term for our (inborn) basic drives

Answer 85

id

Question 86

Freud’s term for a balancing (force between the id) and the demands of society

Answer 86

ego

Question 87

Freud’s term for the conscience; the internalized norms and values of our social groups

Answer 87

superego

Question 88

the behaviors and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females; (masculinity or femininity)

Answer 88

gender

Question 89

learning society’s “gender map,” the paths in life set out for us because we are male or female

Answer 89

gender socialization

Question 90

forms of communication that are directed to large audiences.

Answer 90

mass media

Question 91

giving privileges and obligations to one group of people while denying them to another,

Answer 91

social inequality

Question 92

Individuals and groups that influence our orientations to life—our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behavior

Answer 92

agents of socialization

Question 93

the (intended) beneficial (consequences) of people’s actions

Answer 93

manifest functions

Question 94

the unintended beneficial consequences of people’s actions

Answer 94

latent functions

Question 95

the (unintended) beneficial consequences of people’s actions

Answer 95

latent functions

Question 96

the process of learning in advance an anticipated future role or status

Answer 96

anticipatory socialization

Question 97

the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors

Answer 97

resocialization

Question 98

He coined this term to refer to a place where people are cut off from the rest of society and where they come under almost (total control) of the officials who are in charge

Answer 98

called the (total) institution: Erving Goffman (1961)

Question 99

Refer to a ritual whose goal is to remake someone’s self by (stripping away) that individual’s self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place

Answer 99

Harold Garfinkel: degradation ceremony

Question 100

the stages of our life as we go from (birth to death)

Answer 100

Life course

Question 101

The period following high school when young adults have not yet taken on the responsibilities ordinarily associated with (adulthood); also called adolescence

Answer 101

transitional adulthood

Question 102

an emerging stage of the (life course) between retirement and when people are considered (old)

Answer 102

transitional older years